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Bio Unit 2.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What 5 traits do all living things share? | Cells, response to stimuli, growth, reproduction, and energy use (metabolism). |
| How does nonliving matter differ from living matter? | Nonliving matter lacks cells, metabolism, and genetic material. |
| What is homeostasis? | Maintaining a stable internal environment. |
| Is a growing crystal alive? | No, it lacks cells, DNA, metabolism, and response to stimuli. |
| What fuels most life on Earth? | Sunlight via photosynthesis. |
| What is the hierarchy of life from simplest to broadest? | Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere. |
| What is a tissue? | A group of similar cells working together (e.g., muscle tissue). |
| Population vs. Community? | A population is one species in an area; a community is all living species in an area. |
| Population vs. Ecosystem? | An ecosystem adds abiotic (non-living) factors to the biotic community. |
| Biotic or Abiotic: Temperature, Mushroom, Dead Leaf, Water, Bacteria? | Biotic: Mushroom, Dead Leaf, Bacteria. Abiotic: Temperature, Water. |
| Aerobic vs. Anaerobic? | Aerobic uses oxygen to yield high ATP; anaerobic occurs without oxygen. |
| Where do anaerobic bacteria live? | Oxygen-free environments like deep mud or intestines. |
| What 4 structures do ALL cells share? | Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA. |
| Main difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? | Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotes do not. |
| Why are eukaryotic cells larger? | Organelles compartmentalize functions, improving cellular efficiency. |
| Which plant organelle provides structure? | The cell wall. |
| Why don't animal cells have chloroplasts? | Animals get energy by eating food (heterotrophs), not from light. |
| What are the 3 Domains? | Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. |
| Which Domains are prokaryotic? | Archaea and Bacteria. |
| What sets Archaea apart from Bacteria? | Archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and can live in extreme conditions. |
| Name the 6 Kingdoms. | Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. |
| Which Kingdom contains single-celled eukaryotes like Amoebas? | Protista. |
| Fungal cell wall vs. Plant cell wall material? | Fungi = Chitin; Plants = Cell wall. |
| How old is Earth, and when did first life appear? | Earth is ~4.6 billion years old; prokaryotes appeared ~3.5 billion years ago. |
| What organism first added oxygen to the atmosphere? | Photosynthetic cyanobacteria. |
| What is the Endosymbiotic Theory? | Eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria/chloroplasts) evolved from engulfed prokaryotes. |
| Name 2 pieces of evidence for Endosymbiosis. | Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA and replicate on their own. |
| What is a bacterial endospore? | A tough, dormant shell built to protect DNA during extreme stress. |
| What do bacterial pili do? | Help bacteria attach to surfaces and transfer DNA during conjugation. |
| Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative colors and walls? | Gram-positive = Purple (thick peptidoglycan); Gram-negative = Pink (thin peptidoglycan + outer membrane). |
| Why are Gram-negative bacteria harder to kill with antibiotics? | Their extra outer lipid membrane blocks many antibiotics (or medicines). |
| Shapes: Coccus, Bacillus, Spirillum? | Coccus = Sphere; Bacillus = Rod; Spirillum = Spiral. |
| Is binary fission sexual or asexual? | Asexual (produces identical clones). |
| What is bacterial conjugation? | Transferring plasmid DNA between bacteria, increasing genetic variation. |
| How does a chemoautotroph get energy and carbon? | Energy from inorganic chemicals; carbon from CO2. |
| Photoautotroph vs. Photoheterotroph carbon source? | Photoautotrophs use CO2; photoheterotrophs absorb organic compounds. |
| What 2 parts make up every virus? | A protein capsid and a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA). |
| Why are viruses non-living? | They lack cells and cannot reproduce or process energy without a host. |
| Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle? | Lytic destroys host cells immediately; Lysogenic hides viral DNA inside host DNA until triggered. |
| What is a prophage? | Viral DNA integrated into a host bacterium's chromosome (or nucleoid region). |
| Lytic vs. Lysogenic examples? | Lytic = Flu / Cold; Lysogenic = HIV / Herpes. |
| How do vaccines work? | They expose the immune system to harmless antigens so it builds protective antibodies. |
| Can antibiotics kill viruses? Why? | No. Antibiotics target bacterial structures (cell walls/ribosomes), which viruses lack. |
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