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Med Surg II
Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Malignant cells grow in a(n) _________________________ manner compared to normal cells. | |
| A(n) abnormal replication of cells is called a(n) _________________________. | NEOPLASM |
| Malignant growths are divided into four main types: _________________________, _________________________, _________________________ and _________________________, cancers of the blood-forming system; and _________________________ | |
| arising from mesenchymal tissue are | |
| originating from the epithelial tissue are | |
| malignancy of the pigment cells of the skin are | |
| TNM staging system identifies cancers by how much the malignancy has spread and includes three basic parts: T for _________________________, N for _________________________, and M for _________________________. | |
| _________________________, _________________________, air and water pollution, and certain _________________________ found in food packaging are all considered to be carcinogens. | |
| There are three traditional modes of therapy for malignancies: _________________________, _________________________, and _________________________. | |
| Many antineoplastic drugs are _________________________, which can cause tissue damage and severe local injury if they escape from the vein into which they are administered. | |
| Suppression of the _________________________ is the major reason that doses of chemotherapy must be limited. | |
| A patient undergoing radiation therapy must wear _________________________ and _________________ ____________________________________ when outdoors. | |
| Radiation therapy of the abdomen or newer targeted therapies often produce _______________________, which can lead to dehydration if not treated | |
| The health care provider orders Roxanol 20 mg PO q4h for pain. The pharmacy delivers a 90-mL bottle of Roxanol 10 mg/mL. How many mL should be given? ________________ | |
| Reproduce in an uncontrolled way | Cancer cells |
| Movement of cancer cells from the original cancer site to other areas of the body | Metastasis |
| Replicate only to replace damaged or dead cells | Normal cells |
| A group of diseases that characteristically grow in an uncontrolled manner with the spread of abnormal cells | Cancer |
| New treatments have greatly improved the survival of patients with cancer | 68% of patients live 5 years or longer |
| All cancer results from defects in the DNA of genes | |
| Cancer can be inherited or caused by mutation | |
| Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are genetic factors | |
| Carcinogens in external and internal environments are genetic factors | |
| Immunocompetence us a genetic factor | |
| Some chemical carcinogens include cancer-causing substances | |
| Carcinogens in the external environment Certain chemicals Sources of radiation Viruses | |
| Carcinogens in the internal environment Exogenous hormones Inherited genes Advanced age | |
| Chemical Carcinogens-Occupational such as Petrofluorocarbons Some pesticides Pitch, asphalt, crude paraffin, and petroleum products Tobacco smoke Asbestos Chemical wastes from industry and automobiles | |
| When nicotine is present, cancers occur at a faster rate in those who are heavy consumers of alcohol | Alcohol is a cancer promoter |
| Promoters are not carcinogenic when found alone, but when they are in the body with a known carcinogen, cancer occurs faster | |
| The presence of a mole or exposure to chemical carcinogen or ultraviolet (UV) rays is a chronic irritation | |
| Chronic irritation is a contributing cause of cancer | |
| A physical carcinogen is radiation | |
| Radiation may come from x-ray machines, radioactive elements, or UV rays from the sun | |
| Radiation is capable of penetrating certain body tissues and causing the development of malignant cells in the affected area | |
| People with fair complexions have less protective pigment and therefore are more likely to develop skin cancer from UV radiation than are people with darker skin | |
| People who live in areas that have more radon emission from the earth have a higher incidence of malignancy in the population than people in areas that are low in radon | |
| Experiments involving animals have demonstrated that a number of cancers can be produced in animals by injecting them with a filtrate from virus-infected malignant growths | |
| These viruses are known as oncoviruses because of their ability to cause cancer | |
| The hepatitis B virus is carcinogenic for liver cancer | |
| The Epstein-Barr virus causes Burkitt’s lymphoma | |
| Cases of adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma are caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus | |
| Several types of the HPV cause cervical carcinoma and are related to throat and mouth cancer in nonsmokers | |
| Biopsy—obtain specimen | |
| Prophylaxis—preventive treatment | |
| Explorative—determine effectiveness of therapy | |
| Palliative—offer pain relief | |
| Curative—attempt cure | |
| Reconstructive surgery | |
| RAD (radiation absorbed dose) is the unit used for measuring dosages of radiation |
Created by:
Daarina Jones