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A&P Ch. 2&3 10/6/26
54 mult. choice/matching, 5 free response
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cohesion | the ability of water molecules to bind to each other due to the abundance of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Ex is water molecules stick together |
| adhesion | the ability of water molecules to adhere to polar surfaces due to hydrogen bonding. ex is water molecules bonding to a car window |
| surface tension | the invisible, stretchy skin-like force on the surface of a liquid that makes it resist external pressure and shrink to the smallest possible area. ex is overfilling a glass of water slightly - surface tension holds the molecules together |
| capillary action | the movement of a liquid through a narrow space or porous material against an opposing force like gravity . ex is plants drawing water up through their roots(capillaries are the smallest of the blood vessels in the circulatory system) |
| polarity | combination of atoms in which the electrical charge is not distributed symmetrically. ex is H2O because theres two hydrogen and one oxygen |
| specific heat | the amount of heat energy required to raise the temp of a specific unit of mass of a substance by one degree Celsius or Kelvin. ex is hot water circulating to warm up radiators because water can hold heat (not stated specifically) |
| Why is water an effective solvent? | because of its high polarity |
| pH scale | scale from 0-14. lower it is is more acidic, higher is more basic |
| relationship between pH scale and H+ ions | The pH scale measures how many hydrogen ions (H+) are floating in a liquid, which tells you how acidic or basic it is |
| 4 macromolecules | lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids |
| Building blocks of proteins | amino acids |
| building blocks of lipids | fatty acids |
| building blocks of carbs | monosaccharides |
| building blocks of nucleic acids | nucleotides |
| major function of lipids | energy storage cell membrane components Insulation and hormone signaling |
| major function of proteins | Muscle Building Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Antibodies help defend against pathogens. |
| major function of carbohydrates | provide the body with energy |
| major function of nucleic acids | store, transmit, and express genetic information that directs all cellular processes and protein synthesis (DNA and RNA) |
| Saturated vs unsaturated fats | saturated has no double bonds, unsaturated has double bonds. saturated fats are unhealthy, unsaturated fats are healthy |
| 3 parts of a nucleotide | sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base |
| What are enzymes classified as? | proteins |
| Who was involved with the discovery of the cell? | Robert Hooke |
| structure and function of nucleus | structure is a membrane-bound organelle. function is to direct the activities of the cell (the brain of the cell) |
| structure and function of nucleolus | structure is a spherical body in the cell nucleus. function is it is responsible for the production of ribosomes |
| structure and function of ribosomes | structure is RNA and protein in two subunits. function is to make proteins; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
| structure and function of rough ER | structure is it has ribosomes on the surface. the function is a transport system |
| structure and function of smooth er | structure is no ribosomes on the surfcace. the function is lipid synthesis |
| structure and function of Golgi apparatus | structure is there is a vesicle on/in it. the function is package and delivery of proteins produced by the ribosomes |
| structure and function of lysosomes | structure is membrane-bound vesicle. function is to break down substances in the cell |
| structure and function of mitocondria | structrure is membrane bound organelle. function is to produce ATP molecuels during the process of cellular respiration (POWERHOUSE OMG) |
| structure and function of centrioles | structure is it is a cellular structure existing in pairs in the cytoplasm. function is to possibly organize the mitotic spindle for chromosomal movement during mitosis and meiosis |
| structure and function of vesicles | structure is small and in the cytoplasm, function is to export proteins |
| structure and function of cell membrane | structure is a flexible, semi permeable barrier. function is to regulate what enters and leaves the cell |
| structure and function of microtubules | structure is a small cylindrical structure. function cell shape and support in the cytoskeleton |
| structure and function of microfilaments | structure is the thinnest filament in the cytoskeleton. function is cell shape and support in the cytoskeleton - |
| structure and function of cytoskeleton | structure is the internal framework of the cell. function is to give cell its shape and internal support |
| How do organelles work together to make, modify, package, and transport proteins? | they work in basically an assmebly line. every organelle in the cell has a purpose. for ex, ribosomes make proteins, golgi apparatus delivers proteins. |
| general pathway of protein production and transport | DNA - RNA - ribosome - ER - Golgi - Vesicle - destination |
| structure of the phospholipid bilayer | (also called the cell membrane) two sheets of phospholipid molecules arranged tail-to-tail, surrounds the cell |
| phospholipids | lipid molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell's membranes; has a polar, hydroplilic head bonded to two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails |
| proteins | molecule consisting of two or more polypeptiedes - main role in the cell membrane is to transport things |
| protein channels | special tunnel inside a cell's membrane that lets specific polar or charged molecules pass through |
| hydorphobic/hydroplilic regions | hydrophobic is a type of molecule that doesn't interact with water because it is nonpolar. hydroplillic is a type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules |
| selective permeability | the cell membrane's ability to allow some molecules/ions through to the cell but reject others |
| diffusion | movement of molecules or ions from a region of HIGHER to LOWER concentration; it requires NO ENERGY and stops when the distribution is equal |
| osmosis | diffusion of water from an area HIGH concentration to LOW concentration through a selectively permeable membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | the passive movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the HELP OF TRANSPORT PROTEINS |
| active transport | movement of a molecule across a plasma membrane from an area of LOWER concentration to one of HIGHER concentration; uses a carrier protein and energy |
| exocytosis | an active transport process by which a cell expels large molecules, proteins, or waste by fusing internal vesicles with the cell's plasma membrane (BRINGS OUT THINGS) |
| endocytosis | an active cellular transport process where a cell brings in extracellular fluids, macromolecules, and large particles by folding its plasma membrane inward to form a vesicle (BRINGS IN THINGS) |
| Which process requires ATP? | Active transport |
| What is movement from high to low concentration? | Passive (diffusion) |
| hypertonic solution | a liquid with a higher concentration of dissolved particles (like salt or sugar) than what is found inside a cell (MORE SALT THAN WATER) |
| hypotonic solution | a liquid that has fewer dissolved particles (like salt or sugar) and more water than the inside of a cell (MORE WATER THAN SALT) |
| isotonic solution | a fluid that has the same concentration of solutes and osmolality as normal body fluids or blood (SALT AND WATER ARE BALANCED) |
| How do you predict whether a cell will gain water, swell, shrink, or remain the same? | Gain water when you drink water, swell when you drink water, shrink when you don't drink water and there is more salt, cells will remain the same when there is a equal amount of water and salt |
| Why is there not pure water in an IV bag? | The cells will explode. They put saline in the bag to match the concentration of human blood. |
| Stages of the cell cycle | Interphase = growth phase Mitosis = nuclear division Cytokinesis = cell splits into 2 daughter cells |
| What happens during interphase? | the cell grows |
| Stages of mitosis in order | prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase |
| know how to identify the cell stages from diagrams | look in your notes |
| Role of cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm following mitosis and meiosis - seperates into two daugter cells |
| role of spindle fibers (in mitosis) | to equally divide genetic material and separate chromosomes into new daughter cells during cell division - centroiles form a spindle in cell division |
| role of centromeres (in mitosis) | holds the two sister chromatids together. ensures accurate chromosome distribution and cell division during mitosis and meiosis |
| role of chromosomes (in mitosis) | store, organize, and protect your genetic code. chromosomes are are chromatin condensed into a compact structure |
| role of chromatids (in mitosis) | to package and carry exact copies of DNA so that each new cell receives the correct genetic information |
| What happens to chromosome number after mitosis? | The final chromosome number does not change during normal mitosis |
| All three parts of the Cell Theory | All organisms are made of one or more cells. Life functions occur within cells. All cells come from preexisting cells. |
| Prokaryotic cells (also know how they differ from eukaryotic cells) | Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Their DNA is found in the cytoplasm. Unicellular - single celled No membrane bound organelles Examples include bacteria, which are single-celled organisms. |
| Eukaryotic cells (also know how they differ from prokaryotic cells) | Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that protects their DNA. They are usually larger and found in multicellular organisms. Multicellular - Multicelled Membrane bound organelles Examples include plants, animals, fungi, and protists. |
| Characteristics that prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share | a plasma membrane that acts as an outer barrier, cytoplasm (or cytosol) that fills the inside of the cell, DNA that serves as the genetic material, and ribosomes that build proteins |
| Where is DNA located? | nucleus |
| Relationship between DNA, chromatin, chromosomes, chromatids, and centromeres | same genetic material structured at differentstages of a cells life. dna stores genetic material,chromatin packages dna,chromosomes are made of dna and carry dna from cell to cell,chromatids are coiled molecules of dna,centromeres link chromatids together |
| Where does cellular respiration occur? | mitocondria |
| Why are mitochondria important for energy production? | it is the powerhouse of the cell, so it converts nutrients and oxygen into ATP (basically it is the place where energy is made) |
| Why do cells that require more energy contain more mitochondria? | mitochondria are the primary sites for generating ATP (energy for cells) |
| How can malfunctioning organelles cause disease? | by disrupting vital cellular processes like energy production, waste clearance, and chemical signaling |
| Tay-Sachs disease | caused by defective lysosomes, the lysosomes can't clear toxic materials from the cell, kids usually pass away by 5 years old |
| PCD | a rare, inherited disorder that affects the structure and function of cilia, that line the surfaces of various tissues in the body. |
| diabetes | a condition where sugar stays trapped in your blood instead of moving into your body's cells to be used for energy - body cannot take or use insulin correctly |
| cancer | a disease where body cells grow and multiply out of control instead of following normal rules |
| situs inversus | genetic condition where the major organs in the chest and abdomen are placed in a complete mirror image of normal human anatomy |
| how can uncontrolled cell division lead to cancer | damaged or mutated cells ignore normal body signals to stop growing, multiply rapidly, and form tumors that damage surrounding tissues |
| How does a cell produce and transport the GLUT4 protein? | produces it through the standard process of protein synthesis, and transports it by moving it from storage bubbles inside the cell to the outer cell membrane when insulin is present |
| What is the GLUT4 protein? | MEMBRANE PROTEIN GLUT4 is a specialized protein that acts as a "glucose doorway," allowing sugar (glucose) to leave your bloodstream and enter your body's cells to be used for energy |
| role of vesicles in glut4 and diabetes | hold the glut4 glusose transporter, in type 2 diabetes, it disrupts signaling pathway and prevents proper glucose uptake |
| role of cell membrane in glut4 and diabetes | acts as the interface where GLUT4 controls blood sugar, and its breakdown is a driver of insulin resistance in diabetes |
| How do problems with glucose transport contribute to diabetes? | break the body's normal ability to move sugar out of the bloodstream and into cells, driving high blood sugar and insulin dysfunction |
| short answer: Choose a lysosome, mitocondrion, cilia, or cell membrane and explain: its structure, its normal function, what happens if it malfunctions, a disease associated with the malfunction, possible symptoms, how the structure relates to function | mitocondria disorder: structure is rod shaped, normal function is to make energy, if malfunctions, the cell doesn't have energy and can't function, mitocondrial disorder associated with malfunction, symptoms: weakness, seizures, vision/hearing issues |
| Know these diagrams: labeling the cell, cell membrane - phospholipid bilayer parts, mitosis phases and their parts including the chromatid, spindle, and centromere | these diagrams are shown on the pdf in google classroom on the review area. the diagrams are in the notes or worksheets |
| What organelle is involved with the GLUT4? | cell membrane |
| role of DNA in glut4 and diabetes | has the blueprint for glut4 and diabetes |
| role of rough er with glut4 and diabetes | platform where glut4 is built |
| role of golgi apparatus in glut4 and diabetes | control center for glut4 before it can move to the cell membrane |
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