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Earth Systes
Unit 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| earth system | The four major interconnected subsystems—the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere |
| geosphere | the solid, non-living part of Earth, including all rocks, minerals, landforms, and interior layers from the surface down to the center of the core. |
| hydrophere | the total amount of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, including liquid, solid, and gaseous forms. |
| cryosphere | cryosphere is the frozen water part of the Earth system, including all the ice, snow, and permafrost found on land and in the oceans. |
| atemosphere | An atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding Earth or another celestial body, but the word also describes a local environment, a mood, or a unit of pressure. |
| biosphere | is the global ecological system made up of all living organisms on Earth, along with the physical environments where they live. |
| energy budget | the balance between the energy entering and leaving a system. |
| air pressure | pressure exerted by air. |
| thermosphere | The thermosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. It extends from about 90 km (56 miles) |
| mesosphere | What is a simple definition of mesosphere? The mesosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. |
| stratosphere | The layer made of layers Above the troposphere and below the mesosphere, we have the stratosphere. |
| troposphere | The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere |
| ozone layer | The ozone layer is a region in Earth's stratosphere that contains a high concentration of ozone gas |
| greenhouse effect | the natural process where certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat radiating from the planet's surface, keeping the Earth warm enough to support life. |
| temperature | a physical quantity that measures how hot or cold a substance or object is |
| thermal energy | Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy created by the random motion and vibration of atoms and molecules within a Thermal energy system. |
| thermal expansion | is the tendency of matter to change in size, area, or volume as its temperature increases |
| heat | the transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object or place to a cooler one |
| radiation | the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium. |
| convection | Convection is the transfer of heat through the upward movement of warmer, less-dense fluid and the downward movement of cooler, denser fluid. |
| conduction | the transfer of heat or electrical energy through direct physical contact between neighboring atoms or particles |
| wind | A natural current of air moving across the Earth's surface, ranging from a soft breeze to a hurricane. |
| Coriolis effect | is an apparent curve or change in direction of long-distance objects, winds, and ocean currents caused by the Earth's rotation. |
| global wind | Global winds are steady air currents that blow continuously across the Earth in predictable patterns over vast distances. |
| jet stream | Global winds are steady air currents that blow continuously across the Earth in predictable patterns over vast distances. |
| local wind | small-scale air movements that blow over a limited area and are influenced by local geography and uneven surface heating. |
| ocean current | continuous, directed movements of seawater that flow both locally and globally across the ocean's surface and through its deep waters. |
| surface current | A surface current is a continuous, directed movement of ocean water in the upper layer of the sea (typically the top 400 to 1,000 meters) driven primarily by global wind friction. |
| deep current | slow-moving, continuous streams of water that flow far below the ocean's surface. |
| convection current | fluids (liquids and gases) driven by temperature and density differences. |
| upwelling | Upwelling is an oceanographic process where strong winds and Earth's rotation push warm surface water away from a coast, causing deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to rise up and replace it. |
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