Also called the 'Age of Reason': an 18th-century European intellectual movement in which thinkers including Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau argued that human society was not fixed by tradition or divine command but could be improved through r

The Enlightenment provided the ideological fuel for the century of revolutions — its concepts of natural rights, popular sovereignty, and the social contract challenged absolutism everywhere they spread. It also drove reform movements including abolitio

Great Jamaica Revolt def

A rebellion of approximately 60,000 enslaved people in Jamaica, also called the Baptist War, led by Samuel Sharpe. Beginning as a planned general strike, it escalated into armed uprising before being violently suppressed by British colonial forces.

Great Jamaica Revolt sig

The revolt horrified British abolitionists and directly accelerated parliamentary debate over emancipation — Britain abolished slavery throughout its empire just two years later. Enslaved people's own resistance, not just moral or economic argument fro

Napoleon Bonaparte def

French military general who overthrew the Directory in 1799 and became Emperor of the French in 1804. He preserved the moderate gains of the French Revolution — civil equality, a secular law code, religious toleration, meritocracy — while crushing its

Napoleon Bonaparte sig

He ended the radical French Revolution by installing a military dictatorship, yet simultaneously spread its most durable ideas through conquest. His campaigns inadvertently generated nationalist resistance among conquered peoples — Germans, Spanish, Rus

Tupac Amaru Revolt def

Peruvian indigenous leader (born José Gabriel Condorcanqui) who led the largest anti-colonial rebellion in the history of Spanish South America (1780–1781), mobilizing tens of thousands of indigenous and mestizo people against Spanish taxation, forced l

Tupac Amaru Revolt sig

His rebellion foreshadowed the tensions that would define Latin American independence: indigenous populations demanding social transformation while creole elites sought only political change. His brutal public execution — dismembered in the plaza of Cu

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Term	Definition
ENLIGHTENMENT def	Also called the 'Age of Reason': an 18th-century European intellectual movement in which thinkers including Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau argued that human society was not fixed by tradition or divine command but could be improved through r
ENLIGHTENMENT sig	The Enlightenment provided the ideological fuel for the century of revolutions — its concepts of natural rights, popular sovereignty, and the social contract challenged absolutism everywhere they spread. It also drove reform movements including abolitio
Great Jamaica Revolt def	A rebellion of approximately 60,000 enslaved people in Jamaica, also called the Baptist War, led by Samuel Sharpe. Beginning as a planned general strike, it escalated into armed uprising before being violently suppressed by British colonial forces.
Great Jamaica Revolt sig	The revolt horrified British abolitionists and directly accelerated parliamentary debate over emancipation — Britain abolished slavery throughout its empire just two years later. Enslaved people's own resistance, not just moral or economic argument fro
Napoleon Bonaparte def	French military general who overthrew the Directory in 1799 and became Emperor of the French in 1804. He preserved the moderate gains of the French Revolution — civil equality, a secular law code, religious toleration, meritocracy — while crushing its
Napoleon Bonaparte sig	He ended the radical French Revolution by installing a military dictatorship, yet simultaneously spread its most durable ideas through conquest. His campaigns inadvertently generated nationalist resistance among conquered peoples — Germans, Spanish, Rus
Tupac Amaru Revolt def	Peruvian indigenous leader (born José Gabriel Condorcanqui) who led the largest anti-colonial rebellion in the history of Spanish South America (1780–1781), mobilizing tens of thousands of indigenous and mestizo people against Spanish taxation, forced l
Tupac Amaru Revolt sig	His rebellion foreshadowed the tensions that would define Latin American independence: indigenous populations demanding social transformation while creole elites sought only political change. His brutal public execution — dismembered in the plaza of Cu

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