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bio evolution vocab
test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adaptation | a form or structure that makes an organism more fit for a particular environment. |
| survival of the fittest | –those individuals best fit (best adapted) to a particular environment are more likely to survive (and have offspring). |
| fitness | how well adapted an organism is to its environment (can be defined as the number of grandchildren) |
| natural selection | - individuals who inherit characteristics most fit for their environment are likely to leave more offspring than less fit individuals (nature selects who lives and has more offspring) |
| artical selection | people (often farmers) chose which organisms should mate (ex. corn with the largest kernels) |
| variation | a difference in a trait (ex. flowers of different colors) |
| mutation | a change in the DNA code |
| homologous | structures on different organisms that are similar in some way because the organisms share a common ancestor (ex. bat wing, your arm) |
| analogous | - structures on different organisms that are similar in some way because the organisms have been exposed to the same selective pressures (they do NOT share a recent common ancestor) (ex. fish, whales) |
| vestigial | – a structure that was once important (to an ancestor), but no longer has a function (ex. whale hip bones) |
| fossil | any remains, impression, or trace of a living thing of a former geologic age (ex. skeleton, footprint, etc.) |
| molecular homology | a similarity in molecules (esp. DNA) between two organisms that can show evidence of a common ancestor |
| embryology | the study of embryos (early stages of development) |
| niche | the role, or job, of an organism (habitat, food source, place in the food web, resources used) |
| selective/ evolutionary pressure | a force that causes a particular organism to evolve in a certain direction. is not a physical force, but an interaction between natural variation in a species and factors in its environment that cause a certain form to have an advantage over the others |
| antibiotic resistance | bacteria change in some way that reduces the effectiveness of drugs designed to cure infections. The bacteria survive and continue to multiply, causing more harm. |
| divergent evolultion | the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species (produces homologous structures) |
| convergent evolution | the process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches (produces analogous structures) |
| adaptvie raditation | - a process in which organisms diversify rapidly into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available (and opens environmental niches). |
| directional selection | an extreme trait is favored over other traits, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that trait (see picture below) |
| diversifying or disruptive selection | extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values. The variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups. (see picture below) |
| stabilizing selection | the most common trait is selected for, and extreme traits are selected against (genetic diversity decreases) (see picture below) |
| speciation | the formation of a new species. |
| ring species | a connected series of neighboring populations, each of which can interbreed with nearby populations, but the two "end" populations in the series cannot interbreed. |
| gradualism | evolution that happens slowly, by gradual steps, rather than by drastic change,(one species gradually transforms into another) |
| Punctuated equilibrium | evolution that happens relatively quickly, followed by long periods of little change |
| coevelution | changes in at least two species genetic compositions reciprocally affect each others evolution. |
Created by:
avafrancisco