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Stack #4726101

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Anticoagulants — purpose Prevent formation or extension of blood clots by interfering with the coagulation process.
Heparin — action Enhances antithrombin activity, which inhibits clotting factors and reduces thrombin formation.
Heparin — monitoring Heparin therapy is commonly monitored with aPTT.
Warfarin — action Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factor production, reducing coagulation.
Warfarin — monitoring Warfarin therapy is monitored with PT/INR.
Heparin vs Warfarin Heparin works rapidly and is monitored with aPTT; warfarin acts more slowly and is monitored with PT/INR.
Antiplatelet drugs — purpose Prevent platelets from sticking together and forming a platelet plug.
Aspirin — action Inhibits platelet aggregation, reducing platelet plug formation.
Clopidogrel — action Inhibits platelet activation and aggregation, reducing arterial clot formation.
Thrombolytics — purpose Break down an existing clot by promoting fibrin breakdown.
tPA — action Converts plasminogen to plasmin, which breaks down fibrin in a clot.
Anticoagulant vs antiplatelet Anticoagulants interfere with clotting factors; antiplatelets inhibit platelet aggregation.
Anticoagulant vs thrombolytic Anticoagulants prevent or limit clot formation; thrombolytics actively break down existing clots.
Clotting medication danger The major risk of anticoagulant, antiplatelet, and thrombolytic therapy is excessive bleeding.
Heparin overdose effect Excessive heparin can greatly increase anticoagulation and cause bleeding.
Warfarin overdose effect Excessive warfarin raises INR and increases bleeding risk.
Heparin vs Warfarin mechanism Heparin acts on clotting factors already in circulation; warfarin decreases production of vitamin K-dependent factors.
Small-cell lung carcinoma Associated with SIADH, which can cause hyponatremia from inappropriate ADH secretion.
Squamous cell carcinoma Can produce parathyroid hormone-related peptide, causing hypercalcemia.
HPV and cancer Human papillomavirus is strongly associated with cervical cancer.
HBV/HCV and cancer Chronic hepatitis B or C infection increases risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
EBV and cancer Epstein-Barr virus is associated with Burkitt lymphoma.
Kaposi sarcoma A malignancy associated with severe immunosuppression, especially AIDS; involves vascular tissue.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma A malignancy that can occur as an opportunistic cancer in advanced HIV/AIDS.
Melanoma Malignant tumor of melanocytes that can invade and metastasize.
Cancer angiogenesis Tumors release VEGF to stimulate new blood vessel growth and obtain nutrients.
Cancer metastasis Malignant cells spread from the primary tumor to distant tissues through blood or lymphatic vessels.
Benign vs malignant Benign tumors are localized and non-invasive; malignant tumors invade surrounding tissue and may metastasize.
Anaplasia Loss of cellular differentiation; poorly differentiated or undifferentiated cells are associated with malignancy.
Created by: mahak
 

 



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