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Exam #1 Lifespan

DefinitionTerm
Focus on aspects of physiology, cognition, and socioemotional Development
Understanding of changes ex. children's jokes change Qualitative
Numbers of changes Quantitative
Builds on what came before Cumulative
Gains and losses -> goes both ways Multidirectional
Everything depends on everything else Holistic
Changeable, malleable Plastic
Generation of people born at the same time Cohort
Dramatic transformations Discontinuity
Development unfolds slowly and gradually over time Continuity
Proposed explanation for a given phenomenon, that can be tested by research Hypothesis
A way of organizing a set of observations or facts into a comprehensive explanation of how something works Theory
Combined both psychosexual development ideas and psychosocial developmental ideas Eric Erikson
If caregivers are reliable and loving, the baby develops hope and safety. If neglected, the baby learns fear and suspicion Infancy (Birth to 18 months): Trust vs. Mistrust
Encouraged toddlers gain independence and willpower. Overly restricted toddlers feel shame and doubt their abilities Early Childhood (18 months to 3 years): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Children try new activities and gain purpose. If scolded or made to feel silly, they develop guilt Preschool (3 to 5 years): Initiative vs. Guilt
Succeeding in school and social tasks builds competence and pride. Failing repeatedly leads to feelings of inferiority School Age (6 to 11 years): Industry vs. Inferiority
Exploring values and social roles builds a true sense of self and fidelity (loyalty to oneself). Confusion leaves a person feeling lost Adolescence (12 to 18 years): Identity vs. Role Confusion
Forming deep, committed relationships brings love. Failing to connect can lead to loneliness and isolation Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years): Intimacy vs. Isolation
Contributing to society, work, or family creates care and a sense of accomplishment. Doing nothing leaves a person feeling stuck Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years): Generativity vs. Stagnation
Looking back with satisfaction brings wisdom and peace. Looking back with regret leads to bitterness and despair Maturity (65 to death): Integrity vs. Despair
In an experimental study, the factor that the experimenter MANIPULATES Independent variable (IV)
In an experimental study, the factor that the experimenter OBSERVES Dependent Variable (DV)
Development caused by genetics or environment Nature vs. Nurture
Pleasure oriented Id
Rational thoughts, plans to cope with reality Ego
Right or wrong, no in between Superego
A lasting emotional tie between two people who each strive to maintain closeness to the other and act to ensure that the relationship continues Attachment
A form of learning in which a person or an animal comes to associate environmental stimuli with physiological responses Classical Conditioning
Behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences Operant Conditioning
A behavior followed by a rewarding or pleasant outcome Reinforcement
A behavior followed by an aversive or unpleasant outcome Punishment
ADDING a DESIRABLE stimulus to increase the chance of a behavior happening again ex. Getting a sticker for telling the truth Positive Reinforcement
REMOVING an UNPLEASANT stimulus to increase the chance of a behavior happening again ex. Taking an aspirin to get rid of a headache Negative Reinforcement
ADDING an UNPLEASANT stimulus to decrease the chance of a behavior happening again ex. Touching a hot stove and feeling pain Positive Punishment
REMOVING a PLEASANT stimulus to decrease the chance of a behavior happening again ex. Having your cell phone taken away for missing your curfew Negative Punishment
Created by: user-1998865
 

 



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