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GT vocab 1
| Term | |
|---|---|
| Deism | God created the universe but allows it to operate through natural laws, without ongoing divine intervention. |
| Thomas Hobbes | 17th century philosopher, first to describe social contract theory, humans violent by nature,powerful absolute monarch in exchange for security |
| John Locke | argued absolutism and for popular sovereignty-directly shaped the American Declaration of Independence, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man, and Bolivar's Letter from Jamaica. |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | wrote the 1762 political treatise, The Social Contract,popular sovereignty and consent of the governed BUT also added a twist with the idea of general will,influence on radical phase of the French Revolution |
| Montesquieu | challenged European absolute rulers in his 1748 book, The Spirit of the Laws, in which he advocated for checks and balances,separation of powers that became the blueprint for the U.S. Constitution |
| Voltaire | create the intellectual climate for the secularism of the French Revolution, and his defense of free expression shaped documents including the U.S. Bill of Rights. |
| Popular Sovereignty | Definition |
| Consent of the Governed | legitimacy comes from the approval and agreement of the people it rules, shifting power away from traditional absolute monarchies to modern nation-states ,central to the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| General Will | Jean-Jacques Rousseau, inspired the radical aspects of the French Revolution,an end to the notion of divine right of kings in Europe |
| Capitalism | Adam Smith, whose Wealth of Nations (1776) argued for laissez-faire economics -minimal government interference, free markets,drove the Industrial Revolution but also produced the stark inequalities that generated labor unions, socialism, and communism |
| Liberalism | 19th-century political ideology supported constitutional government, property rights, free trade, rising middle class a framework that distinguished them from the aristocracy above and the radical working class below. |
| American Revolution | The first successful colonial revolution,rejected British rule on grounds of taxation w/o representation of natural right U.S. established a republic with separation of powers, a Bill of Rights, checks and balances, and separation of church and state. |
| Atlantic Revolutions | interconnected political revolutions across the Atlantic world between 1775 and 1825—people challenged monarchy, imperial rule, taxation without representation generating the abolition, suffrage, and feminist movements that defined the next century. |
| Declaration of Independence | adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, . Locke from the consent of the governed-the people have the right to alter leverage. Bolivar cited it; Stanton rewrote; later anti-colonial nationalists invoked it against European empires. |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | France's National Assembly in 1789,that all men are free and equal, and inspired revolutionaries . starkly exposed the gendered limits of Enlightenment universalism Olympe de Gouges wrote her Declaration of the Rights of Woman directly in response to it. |
| French Revolution | France's Third Estate (commoners) rebelled against the absolute monarchy bread Shortages. launched the Reign of Terror, and produced Napoleon. spread nationalism across Europe accelerated debates about women's rights more than any other revolution, |
| Haitian Revolution | overthrew French colonial rule. Toussaint Louverture and completed by Jean-Jacques Dessalines,revolution by enslaved people in world history. Haiti became the first Black republic in the Western Hemisphere in 1804. |
| Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion | peasant insurrection in Mexico led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos, resentment of high food prices. base from indigenous/mestizo peasants, end to racial caste divisions. brought Mexico to a conservative independence in 1821, |
| Latin American Revolutions | independence movements across Spanish and Portuguese America,creoles who resented Spain's mercantilist policies and political exclusion. produced far less stable outcomes —Caudillo rule and economic dependency on Europe followed. |
| Letter from Jamaica/Jamaica Letter | Simon Bolivar from exile in Jamaica, arguing for Latin American self-determination. Drawing on Enlightenment ideals. Bolivar as an intellectual heir of Locke and Rousseau who adapted their ideas to Spanish American conditions |
| Reign of Terror/Robespierre | radical phase of the French Revolution (1793–1794), during which Committee of Public Safety used mass executions Robespierre himself was dead. Napoleon's appeal as a stabilizer and the conservative reaction that shaped 19th-century European politics. |
| Saint Domingue | French Caribbean colony — profitable colony in the world in the late 18th century, producing 40–50% through the brutal labor. epicenter of the most radical Atlantic revolution. France imposed a massive independence debt on Haiti afterward |
| Simon Bolivar | failure to create a unified Latin American republic reveals the limits of ideologically driven political leadership against structural reality — deep regional identities, geographic fragmentation produced fragmentation instead of unity. |
| Toussaint Louverture | dominant military and political leader of the Haitian Revolution. united formerly enslaved people, against forces, capured by nap, limits of revolutionary idealism when it threatens economic interests. |
Created by:
Srinika