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anatomy CH9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| elbow joint type | complex hinge joint formed by humerus, radius, and ulna |
| humero‑ulnar joint | largest and strongest elbow articulation; trochlea of humerus with trochlear notch of ulna; hinge‑like motion |
| trochlear notch function | determines plane of elbow movement |
| olecranon role | limits elbow extension |
| humeroradial joint | capitulum of humerus articulates with head of radius |
| muscles on olecranon | produce elbow extension; controlled mainly by radial nerve |
| radial nerve pathway | passes along radial groove of humerus to innervate elbow extensors |
| biceps brachii actions | supination of forearm and flexion at the elbow |
| elbow stability factors | interlocking humerus–ulna surfaces; thick joint capsule; strong ligaments |
| nursemaids elbow | partial dislocation of radial head from annular ligament |
| radial collateral ligament | stabilizes lateral elbow; runs from lateral epicondyle to annular ligament |
| ulnar collateral ligament | stabilizes medial elbow; runs from medial epicondyle to coronoid process and olecranon |
| elbow impact injury | severe impacts can fracture ulna at trochlear notch |
| toddler elbow injury | upward twisting pull can cause dislocation if epiphyseal growth incomplete |
| knee joint function | transfers body weight from femur to tibia |
| knee joint type | hinge joint but more complex than elbow or ankle |
| femoral condyle motion | rounded condyles roll across tibia; contact points constantly change |
| knee joint movements | permits flexion, extension, and very limited rotation |
| knee articulations | two femur–tibia articulations (medial & lateral) and one patella–femur articulation |
| knee joint capsule | thin and partially incomplete; strengthened by ligaments and tendons |
| menisci function | medial and lateral menisci cushion joint, conform to femur shape, and add lateral stability |
| fat pads in knee | cushion joint margins and assist bursae in reducing friction |
| dislocation of knee is rare due to... | ligaments |
| quadriceps tendon & patellar ligament | quadriceps tendon crosses anterior knee; patella embedded; patellar ligament attaches to tibia |
| patellar retinaculae | support and stabilize the anterior surface of the knee joint |
| popliteal ligaments | two ligaments reinforcing the posterior knee joint between femur and tibia/fibula |
| ACL | limits anterior movement of tibia; attaches tibia to femur; crosses with PCL |
| PCL | limits posterior movement of tibia; attaches tibia to femur; crosses with ACL |
| cruciate ligament meaning | named for their crossing pattern; “cruciate” from Latin cruciatus (cross) |
| tibial collateral ligament (MCL) | reinforces medial knee surface; tightens at full extension |
| fibular collateral ligament (LCL) | reinforces lateral knee surface; tightens at full extension |
| posterior longitudinal ligament weakness | makes discs more vulnerable to damage with age |
| bulging disc | nucleus pulposus compresses and distorts anulus fibrosus; pushes into vertebral canal |
| herniated disc | nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus; compresses spinal nerves and causes pain |
| nurses and others who lift patients have increased occupational risk | |
| posterior longitudinal ligament weakness | makes discs more vulnerable to damage with age |
| bulging disc | nucleus pulposus compresses and distorts anulus fibrosus; pushes into vertebral canal |
| herniated disc | nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus; compresses spinal nerves and causes pain |
| lumbar disc disease risk | nurses and others who lift patients have increased occupational risk |
| knee locking mechanism | slight lateral rotation of tibia tightens ACL and wedges lateral meniscus, locking knee |
| locked knee benefit | allows prolonged standing without tiring knee‑extensor muscles |
| knee unlocking | requires muscles that medially rotate tibia or laterally rotate femur |
| glenoid labrum | fibrocartilage rim that deepens the glenoid cavity socket |
| shoulder joint capsule | loose, oversized capsule allowing extensive range of motion |
| pectoral girdle support | acromion and coracoid process provide superior stability |
| shoulder stability source | surrounding skeletal muscles, tendons, and ligaments provide most stability |
| acromioclavicular ligament | reinforces acromioclavicular joint capsule; supports superior shoulder surface |
| coracoclavicular ligament | helps stabilize clavicle relative to scapula |
| coraco‑acromial ligament | forms arch over humeral head; limits superior displacement |
| coracohumeral ligament | helps support superior anterior humeral head |
| glenohumeral ligaments | reinforce anterior shoulder joint capsule |
| shoulder separation | partial or complete AC joint dislocation from superior shoulder impact |
| shoulder dislocation | dislocation of glenohumeral joint; different from AC separation |
| rotator cuff muscles | supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis reinforce shoulder capsule |
| rotator cuff function | stabilizes shoulder joint and limits range of motion |
| shoulder stabilizing muscles | originate on trunk, pectoral girdle, and humerus; cover joint capsule surfaces |
| rotator cuff injury risk | common in sports like kayaking, baseball pitching, and football quarterbacking |
| inferior shoulder capsule | poorly reinforced; prone to dislocation from impact or violent contraction |
| inferior capsule injury | can tear capsule and glenoid labrum; healing often leaves weakness increasing future dislocation risk |
| shoulder bursae | subdeltoid, subcoracoid, subacromial, subscapular bursae reduce friction around joint |
| biceps tendon sheath | tendon of biceps brachii runs through joint in a synovial sheath continuous with joint cavity |
| shoulder bursitis | inflammation of extracapsular bursae restricts motion and causes pain |
| hip joint type | sturdy ball‑and‑socket diarthrosis allowing wide range of motion |
| hip joint movements | flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, rotation |
| acetabulum | deep fossa of hip bone that accommodates femoral head |
| acetabular cartilage | horseshoe‑shaped articular cartilage on either side of acetabular notch |
| acetabular labrum | fibrocartilage rim that deepens joint cavity and helps seal synovial fluid |
| hip joint capsule | extremely dense and strong; encloses femoral head and neck to prevent excessive movement |
| iliofemoral ligament | one of three capsular thickenings reinforcing hip joint capsule |
| pubofemoral ligament | capsular thickening reinforcing hip joint capsule |
| ischiofemoral ligament | capsular thickening reinforcing hip joint capsule |
| transverse acetabular ligament | crosses acetabular notch; fills gap in inferior acetabular border |
| ligamentum teres | ligament of femoral head; originates along transverse acetabular ligament |
| sternoclavicular joint | plane diarthrosis; allows protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, slight rotation |
| acromioclavicular joint | plane diarthrosis; slight movement |
| glenohumeral joint | ball‑and‑socket diarthrosis; flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, rotation |
| elbow joint | hinge diarthrosis; flexion/extension |
| proximal radio‑ulnar joint | pivot diarthrosis; rotation |
| distal radio‑ulnar joint | pivot diarthrosis; pronation/supination |
| radiocarpal joint | condylar diarthrosis; flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction |
| carpometacarpal of thumb | saddle diarthrosis; flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, opposition |
| metacarpophalangeal joint | condylar diarthrosis; flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction |
| interphalangeal joint | hinge diarthrosis; flexion/extension |
| hip joint | ball‑and‑socket diarthrosis; flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, rotation |
| knee joint | complex hinge; flexion/extension, limited rotation |
| ankle (talocrural) joint | hinge diarthrosis; dorsiflexion/plantar flexion |
| metatarsophalangeal joint | condylar diarthrosis; flexion/extension, adduction/abduction |
| interphalangeal joint (foot) | hinge diarthrosis; flexion/extension |
| synovial joint capsule | two‑layer capsule surrounds joint |
| synovial membrane | loose connective + areolar tissue |
| synovial fluid functions | lubricates surfaces, nourishes chondrocytes, absorbs shock, reduces friction |
| synovial fluid consistency | egg‑white consistency; similar to interstitial fluid but more proteoglycans |
| cartilage pads | localized fibrocartilage thickening within capsule |
| meniscus | fibrocartilage pad between opposing bones |
| fat pads | adipose masses covered by synovial membrane |
| ligaments | support and strengthen synovial joints |
| tendons | cross or surround joint; limit movement and provide support |
| bursae | fluid‑filled pockets reducing friction and absorbing shock |
| dislocation (luxation) | articulating surfaces forced out of position; damages joint structure |
| gliding movement | opposing surfaces slide past each other in one plane |
| angular movement | flexion, extension, etc. |
| synarthroses | immovable joints; fibrous or cartilaginous; may fuse into bony |
| amphiarthroses | slightly movable joints; fibrous or cartilaginous |
| diarthroses | freely movable synovial joints |
| fibrous joints | include sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses |
| cartilaginous joints | include synchondroses and symphyses |
| bony joints | synostosis; fused bones with no boundary |
| suture | skull bones interlocked by dense fibrous connective tissue |
| gomphosis | tooth anchored in socket by periodontal ligament |
| synchondrosis | rigid cartilaginous bridge; first rib–sternum; epiphyseal cartilage |
| synostosis | fused bones; epiphyseal lines; frontal bone fusion |
| syndesmosis | bones connected by ligament; distal tibia‑fibula |
| symphysis | bones connected by fibrocartilage pad; pubic symphysis |
| monaxial movement | one plane; elbow, ankle |
| biaxial movement | two planes; ribs, wrist |
| triaxial movement | three planes; shoulder, hip |
| synovial joints | located at ends of long bones; widest range of motion |
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