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EXAM 1 STUDY PREP
Intermediate Cardiac Sonography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sino-atrial block has an effect on which part of the ECG tracing? | PQRST Complex |
| Where is the lowest O2 saturation level is found? | Coronary Sinus |
| In sinus arrhythmia associated with the respiratory cycle, what happens to the R-R interval in expiration? | Increases in length |
| Which of these is a causative force of sinus tachycardia? | Body's demand for more oxygen |
| What term refers to no movement of a heart segment? | Akinetic |
| In the normal heart, the branches of the aortic arch arising from the proximal arch occur in which order? | Innominate artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian |
| The semilunar valves: | Cusps are surrounded by an annulus |
| What describes the AV or atrioventricular valves? | Open during ventricular diastole |
| Which of the following is NOT a characterstic finding of a rhythm that begins in the SA node? | Varied PR intervals |
| What happens if the SA node fails to initiate an electrical impulse? | An escape pacemaker site initiates an impulse |
| Which part of an ECG tracing may be longer in sinus bradycardia? | QT Interval |
| True or False: Pain can be a causative factor in the patient with sinus tachycardia | True |
| What is the epicardium? | The outermost layer of the heart |
| What shape does the left ventricle maintain in its normal state? | Ellipsoid |
| True or False: Closure of the semilunar valve is the second heart sound | True |
| The great vessels include which of the following? | Pulmonary artery |
| What defines the dominant coronary artery? | Side of the heart that gives rise to the posterior descending artery and posterolateral artery |
| True or False: The normal O2 saturation level for the right heart is 45% and for the left heart is 98% | False |
| What happens if the foramen ovale fails to close at birth? | Blood shunts from the left to right or becomes bidirectional |
| Which drug can delay the closure of the fetal shunts in the post-natal period? | Prostaglandin |
| True or False: Increased right atrial pressure causes the foramen ovale to close | False |
| What structure is formed from the remnant of the ductus venosus? | Ligamentum Venosum |
| In which week of embryological development is the coronary sinus formed? | Seventh Week |
| Which blood vessels allows desaturated blood from the fetus to return to the placenta? | Umbilical arteries |
| What causes the umbilical arteries to close and when does this event occur? | Increased oxygen levels; shortly after birth |
| According to DeWitt's notebook, what is the initial embryonic heart rate? | 60-70 BPM |
| True or False: The umbilical vein carries mixed blood to the portal system | False |
| True or False: At 21-23 days, the heart tubes are forced to midline during a folding process that fuses them into a single endocardial heart tube | True |
| Which chamber of the heart is created as a result of the trabecular expansion growing inferiorly from the primitive ventricle? | Apical portion of left ventricle |
| In which week of embryonic development do the endocardial cushions appear? | Fourth Week |
| True or False: As placental blood flow decreases, the oxygen level increases and the carbon monoxide level decreases | False |
| True or False: The left coronary cusp of the aortic valve is visible in PLAX view of the aortic valve | False |
| What is the primary disadvantage of CW Doppler? | Range Ambiguity |
| "The non-imaging continuous wave Doppler probe must be utilized in assessment of aortic stenosis. It should also be used whenever indicated, for example, in the assessment of other stenotic or regurgitant valves." | True |
| When ruling out a clot in the apex of the heart, move the ? toward the apex or increase transducer frequency | Focus |
| What is an advantage of the parasternal short axis view? | Allows viewing of segmental wall motion |
| True or False: Optimal transthoracic echocardiographic images are all produced when the transducer is perpendicular to the structures being imaged | False |
| What is the normal range for EF? | 50-70% |
| Which of the following ensures proper orientation of the cardiac anatomy? | Transducer Indicator |
| What can a sonographer adjust to create a high contrast image on a technically difficult study? | Dynamic range |
| Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome can be recognized by the presence of a Delta wave, widening of the QRS complex and what other ECG change? | Short PR Interval |
| Where is the best resolution in the ultrasound beam? | Near Field |
| Besides a decreased diastolic compliance, what other component creates a psuedonormalization appearance of the mitral flow waveform? | Increased ventricular filling pressures |
| An E/E' ratio of >15 would be considered normal | False |
| Deceleration time, E/A ratio, and "A" wave duration can all be used to calculate what parameter of heart function? | Diastolic function of left ventricle |
| Which patient position is best for obtaining parasternal long-axis images? | Left lateral decubitus |
| In the absence of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, acquire the peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity and calculate the ? | Right ventricular systolic pressure |
| According to the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE), left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is usually the result of ? | Impaired relaxation and increased chamber stiffness |
| Which walls are best visualized from the apical 4-chamber view? | Anterolateral, apical, inferoseptal |
| The coronary sinus returns blood to the? | Right Atrium |
| When is end diastole captured? | Left ventricle at largest dimension and mitral valve is closed |
| What is an advantage of the parasternal short axis views? | Allows viewing of segmental wall motion |
| Which of these is not a characteristic of diastolic dysfunction? | Normalization |
| Dilated coronary sinuses can easily be confused with the descending aorta; however, the coronary sinus is located within the ? and the aorta is separate structure posterior to the left atrium. | Myocardium |
| At what point during the cardiac cycle should the LVOT diameter be measured? | Mid-systole |
Created by:
marissagirl