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Pysch #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is nature vs. nurture? | Whether human behavior is driven by genetics or environmental influences. |
| What is nature? | Genetics, predisposed characteristics. |
| What is nurture? | Experiences, home life, and education. |
| What is monozygotic? | Identical twins, when a single egg is fertilized and then splits into two. |
| What is dizygotic? | When two eggs are fertilized separately. |
| What are the parts of the nervous system? | Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system - somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. |
| What is the reflex arc? | Controlled by the spinal cord, it controls an involuntary response to things without input from the brain. |
| What are the three different types of neurons? | Sensory neuron, motor neuron, and interneuron. |
| What is a sensory neuron? | Carry signals from the external environment to the central nervous system. |
| What is an interneuron? | Nerve that connects sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system. |
| What is a motor neuron? | A nerve that goes from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands to control movement. |
| What is the central nervous system? | Brain and spinal cord |
| What is the peripheral nervous system? | Nerves throughout the body |
| What is the somatic nervous system? | Voluntary actions. |
| What is the autonomic nervous system? | Involuntary actions |
| What is the sympathetic nervous system? | The fight or flight response. |
| What is the parasympathetic nervous system? | Calms the body down and relaxes it. |
| What are examples of what the sympathetic nervous system does? | Pupils dilate, heart rate increases, respiration increases, inhibits digestion, bladder relaxes, releases adrenaline, activates sweat glands, fight or flight reflex. |
| What are examples of what the parasympathetic nervous system does? | Pupils constrict, heart rate slows, respiration slows, stimulates digestion, bladder contracts, reduces sweat glands function, return to homeostasis. |
| What are the neural cells? | Cells of the brain |
| What are the glial cells? | They support cells in the nervous system by providing support, protection, and nourishment. |
| What is a neurotransmitter? | A chemical sent from one neuron to another. |
| What is a synapse? | The space between the neurons. |
| What is a receptor site? | They receive neurotransmitters. |
| What is MS? | Immune system attacks myelin sheaths around a neuron, causing neurological symptoms. |
| What is myasthenia gravis? | Attack receptor sites, making it difficult to move skeletal muscle. |
| KNOW HOW TO DO NEURAL TRANSMISSION. | |
| What are excitatory neurotransmitters? | They increase the likelihood of a neuron firing. |
| What are inhibitory neurotransmitters? | They decrease the likelihood of a neuron firing. |
| What are the important neurotransmitters? (8) | Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, GABA, Glutamate, Endorphins, Substance P |
| What are the important hormones? (5) | Adrenaline, leptin, ghrelin, melatonin, oxytocin |
| What are agonists? | Mimic neurotransmitters |
| What are antagonists? | Block neurotransmitters |
| What are the 4 drug categories? | Stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opiates. |
| What are stimulates? | They increase neural activity (Caffeine, cocaine) |
| What are depressents? | They decrease neural activity (Alcohol) |
| What are hallucinogens? | Distortions in perception and cognition ( Marijuana due to THC) |
| What are opiates? | Pain relievers (Heroin) |
| What does acetylcholine do? | Enables muscle action, learning, and memory. |
| What does domapine do? | Influences reward (addiction), voluntary movement, learning, attention, and emotion. |
| What does serotonin do? | Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. |
| What does norepinephrine do? | Helps control alertness and arousal. |
| What does GABA do? | Calms you down. Inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
| What does glutamate do? | Involved in memory. Excitatory neurotransmitter |
| What do endorphins do? | Influence perception of pain and pleasure. |
| What does substance P do? | Pin transmitter. |
| What does adrenaline do? | Fight or flight, prepares the body for action. |
| What does leptin do? | Inhibits hunger. |
| What does ghrelin do? | Hunger hormone |
| What does melatonin do? | Helps with sleep. |
| What do oxytocins do? | Released with social interaction and bonding activities. |
| What does marijuana do? | Affects hippocampus, increases serotonin levels. |
| What does heroin do? | Mimics endrophins |
| What does cocaine do? | Releases dopamine |
| What does caffeine do? | Accelerates heart rate, leads to irritability, anxiety. |
| What does alcohol do. | Decreases dopamine levels. |
| What is the all or nothing principle? | A neuron will either fire or it won't. |
| What is the refractory period? | Reset time, when a neuron can't fire |
| What is the threshold? | The trigger point for a cell to fire. |
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