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psychology 1.4a-b
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neuroplasticity | he brain's ability to ____change________________, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new _____pathways_______________ based on experience. |
| Hydrocephalus | also known as "_____water on the brain_______________" and occurs when too much _____cerebrospinal fluid (csf)_______________ builds up in the brain's ventricles. |
| Real-World Examples of Neuroplasticity | Case 1: The Man Missing 90% of His Brain Case 2: The Math Genius with no brain tissue |
| 2 main methods to study the brain | lesion and stimulation |
| lesion | -Brain tissue is ____destroyed________________ and researchers study the impact on functioning. -Can occur from diseases such as ____stroke________________, MS, or Lupus. |
| stimulation | -Brain regions are stimulated ___electrically_________________, chemically, or magnetically. -Researchers study the impact on ___functioning_________________. |
| EEG (Electroencephalogram) | -A recording of the waves of ___electrical________ activity across the brain's surface. -Measured by ____electrodes_______ placed on the scalp. -Invented in __1924____ by German psychiatrist Hans Berger. -Shows: __function__ |
| MEG (Magnetoencephalography) | -A brain imaging technique that measures ____magnetic________________ fields from the brain's natural electrical activity. -Shows: ____function___ |
| CT or CAT Scan (Computed Axial Tomography) | - x-ray__________ photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer. -Shows a slice of the brain's ___structure_________________. -Shows: structural ______damage____ |
| PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography) | -A visual display of brain activity that detects where radioactive ______glucose______________ goes while the brain performs a given task. -The more glucose used, the ______higher______________ the activity. Shows: __activity__ |
| MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | -A technique that uses ___magnetic_________________ fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of brain anatomy. -More detailed than _____CT_______________ scan. Shows: _____structure____ |
| fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | -A measure of ____blood________________ flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. -Shows brain _________function___________ as well as structure. -Shows: _____damage_______________ (both structure and function) |
| show structure | CT, MRI, fMRI |
| show function | EEG, MEG, PET, fMRI |
| brain stem | The brain stem is the oldest part and central core of the brain. It begins where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull. The brain stem is responsible for automatic survival functions. |
| medulla | Location: at the base of the brainstem Functions: controls heartbeat and breathing |
| pons | Location: just above the medulla Functions: controls sleep and helps coordinate movements, including facial expressions |
| reticular formation | Location: nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus Functions: helps control arousal and filters incoming sensory stimuli |
| Reticular Activating System (RAS) | The RAS is a network of neurons in the brain stem. It connects the subconscious with the conscious parts of our brain. The RAS acts like a "guard" that sits between your brain and your senses. It filters what information gets through and what doesn't. |
| thalamus | Location: at the top of the brainstem Functions: relay station for incoming and outgoing sensory information (except for smell) |
| Cerebellum | Location: at the rear of the brainstem Functions: processing sensory input, coordinating movement and balance, nonverbal learning and memory Special fact: Contains 5 times as many neurons as the entire cerebral cortex |
| Limbic System | The limbic system includes several important structures. It also includes the basal ganglia, cingulate gyrus, and olfactory bulb. |
| Amygdala | Description: two lima-bean-sized neural clusters Functions: linked to emotion, fear, and aggression |
| Hypothalamus | Location: below (hypo) the thalamus Functions: directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland; linked to emotion and reward |
| Hippocampus | Description: small structure with two "arms" that wrap around the thalamus Functions: helps process for storage explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events |
| Longitudinal Fissure | The longitudinal fissure is the long crevice that divides the cerebral cortex into left and right hemispheres. Fissures in the brain create major divisions called lobes. |
| Cerebral Cortex | The cerebral cortex has four lobes: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. These lobes are located in both right and left hemispheres. |
| Frontal Lobe | Functions: involved in speaking, motor movements, judgment and decision-making |
| Parietal Lobe | Functions: receives and processes sensory input for touch and body position |
| Temporal Lobe | Functions: each lobe receives auditory information, primarily from the opposite ear |
| Occipital Lobe | Functions: each lobe receives visual information, primarily from the opposite visual field |
| Motor Cortex | Location: found in the frontal lobe Function: controls voluntary movements |
| Somatosensory Cortex | Location: found in the parietal lobe Function: registers information from the skin senses and body movement |
| Myasthenia Gravis | A chronic autoimmune disorder in which antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscle. This results in weakness of the skeletal muscles. |
| Auditory Cortex | Function: receives information from the ears Location: in the temporal lobes |
| Visual Cortex | Function: receives information from the eyes Location: in the occipital lobes |
| Association Areas | Association areas are most of the brain's cortex. They integrate information involved in learning, remembering, thinking, and other higher-level functions. |
| Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) | Location: in the forward part of the frontal lobes Functions: enables judgment, planning, and processing of new memories The PFC is in both hemispheres |
| The PFC can be divided into two broad regions: | Dorsolateral PFC and Orbitofrontal PFC |
| Dorsolateral PFC | associated with working memory, emotional regulation, and sense of time |
| Orbitofrontal PFC | associated with judgment, emotional lability, inappropriate affect, and distractibility |
| Broca's Area | Location: language center in the left frontal lobe Function: involved in expressive language (producing speech) |
| Wernicke's Area | Location: language center in the left temporal lobe Function: involved in receptive language (understanding speech) |
| Women's Broca's area is ___% larger than men's. | 20.4 |
| Aphasia | A language disorder that affects how you communicate. It's caused by damage in the area of the brain that controls language expression and comprehension. |
| The brain is about % water | 75 |
| your brain consumes more ____ than any other organ in the body | oxygen |
Created by:
lilykatelanders