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ap euro unit 1 ch 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Christian humanism | A Northern humanist movement focused on early Christianity, Holy Scripture, and the writings of Church Fathers such as Augustine, Ambrose, and Jerome |
| Northern humanism | Another name for Christian humanism, which combined Renaissance humanism with the study of early Christianity |
| Christian humanist reform program | Christian humanists believed education through Classical antiquity, especially Christian sources, and true inner piety would reform the Church and society |
| Christian humanist goals | Support schools, produce new editions of classical works, and prepare improved editions of the Bible and writings of the Church Fathers |
| Desiderius Erasmus | The most influential Christian humanist who popularized Christian humanist reform and sought to restore Christianity to the early simplicity of Jesus teachings |
| Erasmus and inner piety | Erasmus emphasized inward religious feeling rather than external religious practices such as relics, sacraments, and fasts |
| Erasmus and Church reform | Erasmus believed Church reform required understanding the teachings of Jesus, education in early Christian sources, and common sense criticism of Church abuses |
| Handbook of the Christian Knight | Erasmus work printed in 1503 that emphasized Christianity as a guide for life and stressed inner piety |
| Annotations | Erasmus detailed commentary on the Vulgate Bible |
| The Praise of Folly | Erasmus work published in 1509 that humorously criticized corruption and foolish practices in society, especially among the clergy |
| Martin Luther | German monk and professor who challenged Catholic Church practices and became the central figure of the Protestant Reformation |
| Luthers early life | Luther originally planned to become a lawyer but vowed to become a monk after surviving a severe storm |
| Augustinian Hermits | Religious order that Martin Luther joined in Erfurt |
| Luther at Wittenberg | Luther became a professor at the University of Wittenberg |
| Luthers major concern | Total assurance of salvation |
| Ninety Five Theses | Martin Luthers document criticizing abuses involving the sale of indulgences |
| Luther and the printing press | Printed copies of Luthers ideas spread rapidly throughout Germany and increased opposition to the Catholic Church |
| Lutheranism | Protestant religious movement based on the teachings of Martin Luther |
| Charles V | Habsburg ruler who was King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556 |
| Charles V religious goal | Charles V sought to maintain Catholic religious unity throughout the Holy Roman Empire |
| Charles V and Lutheranism | Charles V wanted to stop the spread of Lutheranism but was distracted by wars with France, the Ottoman Turks, and other political problems |
| Habsburg Valois Wars | Wars fought between France and the Habsburg Empire and Spain from 1521 to 1544 over territories in Italy, France, the Netherlands, the Rhineland, and northern Spain |
| Francis I | King of France who competed with Charles V for territory and political power |
| Pope Clement VII and Charles V | Clement VII supported Francis I for political reasons during the Habsburg Valois Wars, leading Charles V to attack Rome |
| Sack of Rome | The 1527 attack and brutal sack of Rome by the Spanish imperial army of Charles V |
| Sack of Rome significance | Charles V forced Pope Clement VII to come to terms with him and gained greater influence over Italy |
| Charles V and the Ottoman Turks | Charles V had to defend his eastern territories and Mediterranean lands against Ottoman expansion |
| Battle of Mohacs | 1526 battle in which Ottoman forces defeated Hungary and killed King Louis of Hungary, Charles Vs brother in law |
| Ottoman advance to Vienna | Ottoman forces advanced toward Vienna but were repulsed in 1529 |
| Diet of Augsburg | 1530 meeting where Charles V demanded that Lutherans return to the Catholic Church |
| Schmalkaldic League | Alliance formed in 1531 by eight Protestant princes and eleven imperial cities to defend Lutheran beliefs and support each other against attacks |
| Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League | Charles V eventually fought the Protestant Schmalkaldic League after other wars and political problems were settled |
| Schmalkaldic Wars | Wars between Charles V and the Protestant Schmalkaldic League beginning in 1546 |
| First phase of the Schmalkaldic Wars | Charles Vs imperial army fought the Schmalkaldic League from 1546 to 1547 and initially defeated the Protestants |
| Henry II and the Protestants | Catholic King Henry II of France joined the Protestant side against Charles V |
| Charles V and the Peace of Augsburg | Charles V eventually had to compromise with the Protestant princes, leading to the Peace of Augsburg |
| Charles V abdication | Charles V abdicated all of his titles in 1556 and divided his territories between his son Philip II and his brother Ferdinand I |
| Philip II inheritance | Charles V gave Philip II Spain, Portugal, the Low Countries, parts of Italy, and Spanish possessions in the New World |
| Ferdinand I inheritance | Charles V gave Ferdinand I the Holy Roman Empire, the Habsburg monarchy, and Austrian lands |
| Peace of Augsburg | 1555 agreement that legally recognized Lutheranism alongside Catholicism in the Holy Roman Empire |
| Peace of Augsburg who chooses | Each German ruler chose the official religion of his territory |
| Peace of Augsburg religious choices | German rulers could choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism |
| Peace of Augsburg subjects | Individual subjects could not choose their own religion and were expected to follow the religion of their ruler |
| Leipzig Debate | 1519 debate between Martin Luther and Catholic theologian John Eck over Luther teachings and issues including indulgences, purgatory, penance, and papal authority |
| John Eck | Catholic theologian and skilled debater who defended Catholic teachings during the Leipzig Debate |
| Leipzig Debate purpose | To discuss Martin Luthers teachings and determine whether they conflicted with Catholic doctrine |
| Leipzig Debate result | The debate contributed to Pope Leo X censoring Luther and threatening him with excommunication |
| Papal bull against Luther | In 1520 Pope Leo X issued a papal document giving Luther two months to recant or face excommunication |
| Luthers response to the papal bull | Luther publicly burned the papal document |
| Diet of Worms | 1521 assembly where Charles V summoned Martin Luther to defend his teachings |
| Charles V at the Diet of Worms | Charles V declared Luther an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire after Luther refused to recant |
| Luther at the Diet of Worms | Luther refused to withdraw his teachings |
| Edict against Luther | Charles V declared Luther an outlaw and ordered his writings to be burned |
| Frederick of Saxony | Elector of Saxony who protected Luther by hiding him at Wartburg Castle |
| Wartburg Castle | Castle where Luther was protected from arrest from 1521 to 1522 and translated the New Testament into German |
| Ulrich Zwingli | Swiss reformer who began the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland |
| Zwingli as a priest | Zwingli was ordained as a priest in 1506 and later became a cathedral priest in Zurich in 1518 |
| Zwingli and public disputation | Zwingli spread Reformation ideas through public debates in which reformers defended their beliefs |
| Zwingli and the state | Zwingli believed the state should supervise the Church |
| Zwingli reforms | Zurich abolished relics and images, removed church decorations, and replaced Mass with Scripture readings, prayer, and sermons |
| Zwingli and music | Zwingli eliminated music from worship because he believed it distracted from Scripture |
| Zwingli and Catholic practices | Zwingli rejected monasticism, pilgrimages, veneration of saints, clerical celibacy, and papal authority |
| Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation | Zwinglis ideas spread throughout Switzerland and helped establish Protestant communities |
| Zwinglis death | Zwingli was killed during the 1531 war between Protestant and Catholic Swiss cantons |
| Colloquy of Marburg | 1529 meeting between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli intended to resolve differences between German and Swiss Protestants |
| Philip of Hesse | Protestant political leader who attempted to create an alliance between the Swiss and German Protestant churches |
| Marburg Colloquy agreement | Luther and Zwingli agreed on most Protestant beliefs but could not agree on the meaning of the Lords Supper |
| Memorialism | Zwinglis belief that the Lords Supper was a symbolic meal of remembrance and that Christs body and blood were not physically present in the bread and wine |
| Consubstantiation | Luthers belief that Christs body and blood are present in, with, and under the bread and wine without the substances changing into Christs body and blood |
| Marburg Colloquy result | Luther and Zwingli failed to reach an agreement, preventing a unified Protestant alliance |
| Sola Scriptura | Protestant principle meaning Scripture alone is the ultimate religious authority |
| Sola Fide | Protestant principle meaning salvation comes through faith alone |
| Sola Gratia | Protestant principle meaning salvation comes through Gods grace alone and cannot be earned through good works |
| Priesthood of all believers | Protestant belief that every Christian has direct responsibility for their faith and can read and interpret Scripture |
| Transubstantiation | Catholic belief that the bread and wine are transformed into the body and blood of Christ during consecration |
| Lutheran consubstantiation | Belief that Christs body and blood are truly present in, with, and under the bread and wine while the bread and wine remain unchanged |
| John Calvin | French Protestant theologian and organizer of the Calvinist movement who emphasized the absolute power of God and predestination |
| Calvins education | Calvin received a broad humanistic education and studied law in France |
| Calvins Institutes of the Christian Religion | Calvin work published in 1536 that systematically presented Protestant theology |
| Calvin and Luther | Calvin agreed with Luther on salvation through faith but placed greater emphasis on Gods absolute power and predestination |
| Calvin and civil authority | Calvin rejected the idea that the secular state should have higher authority than the Church |
| Calvin sacraments | Calvin recognized only two sacraments, baptism and the Lords Supper |
| Predestination | Calvinist belief that God eternally decided who would be saved and who would be damned before birth |
| The elect | People whom God has predestined to receive salvation |
| The reprobate | People whom God has predestined to be damned |
| Geneva | Swiss city that became a major center and fortress of Calvinism and the Protestant Reformation |
| Calvin in Geneva | Calvin established a ministry in Geneva in 1536 and remained influential there until his death in 1564, except for a brief exile |
| Ecclesiastical Ordinances | Calvin church constitution accepted by the Geneva city council in 1541 that organized Church government and religious discipline |
| Consistory | Calvinist court in Geneva that supervised the moral behavior and doctrinal purity of citizens |
| Consistory punishments | The Consistory used public penance, excommunication, and other punishments to enforce moral discipline |
| Consistory and government | The Consistory could identify lawbreakers and report serious offenders to the magistrates |
| Calvinist Geneva rules | Strict rules included attending church regularly, avoiding swearing, and avoiding dancing, gambling, card playing, theaters, and worldly entertainment |
| Calvinist missionaries | Protestant missionaries trained in Geneva who spread Calvinism throughout Europe |
| John Knox | Scottish Calvinist reformer who helped establish Presbyterianism in Scotland |
| Knox on Geneva | John Knox called Calvin Geneva the most perfect school of Christ on earth |
| Anabaptists | Radical Protestant reformers who believed in adult baptism, religious freedom, separation of Church and state, equality of believers, pacifism, and independent local churches |
| Adult baptism | Anabaptist belief that baptism should occur only when a person is old enough to consciously choose their faith |
| Anabaptist religious freedom | Anabaptists believed people should not be forced to accept the truth of the Bible or a particular religion |
| Anabaptist Church structure | Anabaptists believed each congregation should choose its own minister |
| Anabaptist separation of Church and state | Anabaptists believed religious institutions and government should be completely separate |
| Anabaptist pacifism | Anabaptists refused to bear arms or hold political office |
| Why Anabaptists were persecuted | Anabaptists were viewed as a threat because of their rejection of infant baptism, government authority, military service, and traditional Church structures |
| Henry VIII | English king whose desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon led to the English Reformation |
| Cause of the English Reformation | Henry VIII wanted to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon because she had not produced a male heir and he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn |
| Catherine of Aragon | First wife of Henry VIII and aunt of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V |
| Anne Boleyn | Woman Henry VIII wanted to marry after seeking an annulment from Catherine of Aragon |
| Cardinal Wolsey | Highest ranking English Church official and lord chancellor who attempted to obtain an annulment for Henry VIII |
| Why Wolsey fell from power | Wolsey failed to obtain the annulment from the pope and Henry blamed him for the failure |
| Thomas Cranmer | Archbishop of Canterbury who declared Henry VIII marriage to Catherine invalid and validated his marriage to Anne Boleyn |
| Thomas Cromwell | Henry VIII advisor who helped break English ties with Rome and organize the dissolution of the monasteries |
| Act of Restraint of Appeals | 1533 English law that forbade appeals from English religious courts to the pope and made the king the highest legal authority in England |
| Act of Restraint of Appeals significance | It declared England an empire and ended papal legal authority over England |
| Act of Supremacy | 1534 law declaring Henry VIII the supreme head on earth of the Church of England |
| Act of Supremacy significance | It completed the official break between the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church |
| Treason Act under Henry VIII | Law making it punishable by death to deny that the king was supreme head of the Church of England |
| Dissolution of the monasteries | Henry VIII closure and confiscation of Catholic monasteries and their lands and possessions |
| Dissolution of the monasteries purpose | Helped Henry VIII solve financial problems by confiscating and selling monastery lands and valuables |
| Church of England under Henry VIII | The Church of England remained largely Catholic in doctrine and ceremony but recognized the king instead of the pope as its supreme head |
| Anglican Church under Henry VIII | It maintained seven sacraments, clerical celibacy, transubstantiation, and largely unchanged worship practices |
| Edward VI | Son of Henry VIII who moved the Church of England in a more Protestant direction |
| Edward VI religious reforms | His advisors allowed clergy to marry, removed religious images, and introduced Protestant worship through the Book of Common Prayer |
| Book of Common Prayer | Protestant prayer book and liturgical guide introduced during the reign of Edward VI |
| Mary I | Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who restored Roman Catholicism in England |
| Bloody Mary | Nickname for Mary I because more than 300 Protestants were executed for heresy during her reign |
| Elizabeth I | English queen who restored the Church of England and adopted a moderate religious position |
| Elizabethan Settlement | Religious compromise under Elizabeth I that established the Church of England while allowing some private Catholic and Protestant practices |
| Elizabeth I as a politique | Elizabeth I used a moderate approach to religion to maintain political stability rather than enforcing extreme religious beliefs |
| Puritans | English Calvinists who wanted to purify the Church of England of remaining Catholic practices |
| Puritan restrictions | Puritans attempted to restrict drinking in taverns, dramatic performances, and dancing |
| Catholic Reformation | Catholic movement to reform abuses, strengthen Catholic teachings, and respond to the Protestant Reformation |
| Counter Reformation | Another name for the Catholic Reformation, emphasizing the Catholic response to Protestantism |
| New Catholic religious orders | Jesuits, Capuchins, Carmelite nuns, and Ursuline nuns |
| Jesuits | Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius of Loyola and dedicated to education, missionary work, obedience to the papacy, and combating Protestantism |
| Society of Jesus | Official name of the Jesuit order |
| Ignatius of Loyola | Spanish nobleman and former soldier who founded the Jesuits |
| Jesuit leadership | The Jesuits used a strict military style hierarchy with a general holding supreme authority |
| Jesuit goals | Education, missionary work, and opposition to the spread of Protestantism |
| Jesuit education | Jesuits established disciplined schools to educate Catholics and counter Protestant educational influence |
| Jesuit missionary work | Jesuits traveled to Europe, Asia, and other regions to spread Catholicism |
| Jesuits and the Inquisition | Jesuits were given responsibilities connected with Catholic efforts to combat heresy and defend Catholic doctrine |
| Capuchins | Catholic religious order founded in Italy in 1528 as a strict reform movement within the Franciscan tradition |
| Capuchin lifestyle | Capuchins lived in small communities, relied on manual labor and begging, and wore brown tunics with long hoods |
| Carmelite nuns | Catholic religious order emphasizing prayer, silence, contemplation, and penance |
| Teresa of Avila | Catholic mystic who helped reform the Carmelite order during the 16th century |
| John of the Cross | Catholic mystic who helped reform the Carmelite order |
| Ursuline nuns | Catholic religious order founded by Angela Merici in 1535 that focused on educating Catholic girls |
| Council of Trent | Catholic council held from 1545 to 1563 to address Protestant challenges and reform the Catholic Church |
| Council of Trent purpose | To resolve religious problems caused by the Protestant Reformation and reform abuses within the Catholic Church |
| Council of Trent authority | Scripture and Church tradition were declared equal authorities, and only the Church was authorized to interpret Scripture |
| Council of Trent salvation | The Council reaffirmed that both faith and good works contribute to salvation |
| Council of Trent sacraments | The Council reaffirmed all seven Catholic sacraments |
| Council of Trent transubstantiation | The Council reaffirmed the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation |
| Council of Trent clerical celibacy | The Council reaffirmed clerical celibacy |
| Council of Trent purgatory | The Council reaffirmed the Catholic belief in purgatory |
| Council of Trent monasticism | The Council reaffirmed the importance of monasticism |
| Council of Trent indulgences | The Council affirmed the effectiveness of indulgences but prohibited the abusive hawking or selling of indulgences |
| Index of Forbidden Books | Catholic list of books considered dangerous or heretical that Catholics were prohibited from reading |
| Council of Trent Bible and Mass language | Latin remained the official language of the Bible and Mass |
| Seminaries | Catholic schools established or strengthened by the Council of Trent to properly train priests |
| Council of Trent impact | The Council strengthened Catholic unity, clarified Catholic doctrine, reformed clergy education, and helped preserve the papacy as a center of Catholic unity |
| French Wars of Religion | A series of religious civil wars in 16th century France between Catholics and Protestants |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists who made up about 10 percent of the population and were politically organized across different levels of society |
| Henry of Navarre | Protestant Bourbon leader of the Huguenots who later became King Henry IV of France |
| Jeanne d Albret | Queen of Navarre and mother of Henry of Navarre who helped bring Calvinism to Navarre |
| Henry III | Last powerful Valois king of France who attempted to remain a moderate Catholic during the French Wars of Religion |
| Catherine de Medici | Mother of Henry III and Charles IX who attempted to maintain influence by supporting different sides during the French religious conflicts |
| Guise family | Powerful French noble family that strongly supported Catholicism |
| Henry of Guise | Leader of the Catholic League and prominent ultra Catholic French noble |
| Catholic League | Organization of extreme French Catholics formed to oppose Protestantism and support a Catholic monarchy |
| Politique | A person who places political stability and the interests of the country above personal religious beliefs |
| Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre | 1572 massacre in which thousands of Huguenots were killed by Catholic forces following the wedding of Henry of Navarre and Margaret of Valois |
| Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre cause | Catholic leaders feared the Huguenots were a political and religious threat and decided to eliminate important Huguenot leaders |
| Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre significance | The massacre severely weakened French Protestant leadership, intensified religious hatred, and contributed to the War of the Three Henrys |
| War of the Three Henrys | Final major conflict of the French Wars of Religion from 1588 to 1589 involving Henry III, Henry of Guise, and Henry of Navarre |
| Holy League | Ultra Catholic organization that sought to eliminate heresy and place Henry of Guise on the French throne |
| Henry III and Henry of Guise | Henry III eventually assassinated Henry of Guise after Guise seized Paris and became too powerful |
| Henry III and Henry of Navarre | Henry III joined with Henry of Navarre to defeat the Catholic League |
| Death of Henry III | Henry III was assassinated in 1589 by a Catholic monk who opposed his alliance with the Protestant Henry of Navarre |
| Henry IV | Henry of Navarre after becoming king of France in 1589 |
| Henry IV conversion | Henry of Navarre converted from Calvinism to Catholicism to gain acceptance as king of predominantly Catholic France |
| Paris is worth a mass | Phrase associated with Henry IV conversion to Catholicism to secure his position as king of France |
| Edict of Nantes | 1598 law issued by Henry IV that ended the French Wars of Religion and granted limited religious and political rights to Huguenots |
| Edict of Nantes significance | It restored internal peace to France, allowed limited Huguenot worship and political participation, and helped France recover economically |
| Edict of Nantes Catholicism | Catholicism remained the official religion of France |
| Edict of Nantes Huguenot rights | Huguenots received rights to worship in designated cities, hold public offices, and maintain fortified cities and weapons for protection |
| Edict of Nantes limitations | Huguenot public worship was restricted and the law represented more of a political truce than complete religious toleration |
| Philip II | Son of Charles V who inherited Spain, Portugal, the Low Countries, parts of Italy, and Spanish possessions in the New World |
| Philip II religious goal | Philip II wanted to strengthen Catholicism throughout Europe and enforce religious conformity in his territories |
| Philip II political goal | Philip II wanted Spain to become a dominant European power and sought to consolidate the territories inherited from his father |
| Spanish Inquisition under Philip II | Institution used to enforce Catholic religious conformity and investigate suspected heresy |
| Dutch Revolt | Rebellion of the Netherlands against Spanish rule under Philip II |
| Dutch reasons for revolt | The Dutch opposed Spanish taxation, loss of political privileges, persecution of Calvinism, and increased Spanish control |
| Council of Blood | Tribunal established in the Netherlands by Spanish authorities that executed opponents of Spanish rule |
| Council of Troubles | Another name for the Council of Blood |
| William of Orange | Dutch Protestant leader who attempted to unite the Netherlands against Spanish rule |
| William the Silent | Another name for William of Orange |
| Pacification of Ghent | Agreement requiring the 17 Dutch provinces to cooperate, respect religious differences, and demand the withdrawal of Spanish troops |
| Duke of Parma | Spanish leader who divided the Netherlands by bringing the southern Catholic provinces back under Spanish control |
| Union of Arras | 1579 union of southern Catholic provinces that accepted Spanish control |
| Union of Utrecht | 1579 union of seven northern Dutch speaking provinces that united against Spanish rule |
| United Provinces | Name for the seven northern Dutch provinces that formed an independent Protestant Dutch Republic |
| Dutch Republic | Independent Protestant state formed by the northern Dutch provinces during the revolt against Spain |
| Dutch independence | The Union of Utrecht declared independence from Spain in 1581, although Spain did not formally recognize independence until 1648 |
| Twelve Years Truce | 1609 truce between Spain and the Dutch Republic that temporarily ended major fighting and recognized the Dutch Republic in practice |
| Spanish Armada | Large Spanish naval fleet sent by Philip II to invade England and restore Catholicism |
| Spanish Armada plan | The Spanish fleet planned to defeat England and help transport the Duke of Parmas troops from the Netherlands for an invasion |
| Spanish Armada defeat | England defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588 |
| Spanish Armada causes of defeat | English attacks, unfavorable weather, wind, supply problems, and difficulties coordinating with Spanish forces in the Netherlands contributed to the defeat |
| English fire ships | Burning ships sent by the English against the Spanish fleet in August 1588 to disrupt the Armada formation |
| Spanish Armada losses | Roughly one third to one half of Spanish ships were destroyed or lost and thousands of Spanish sailors died |
| Spanish Armada impact | The defeat helped England remain Protestant and demonstrated the growing strength of English naval power |
| Mary Stuart | Queen of Scots who was a Catholic claimant to the English throne and rival of Elizabeth I |
| Mary Stuart and Elizabeth I | Mary Stuart was next in line for the English throne and was viewed as a potential threat to Elizabeth I |
| Mary Stuart exile | Mary fled Scotland to England in 1568 after rebellious Calvinist nobles forced her from power and she was placed under house arrest |
| Mary Stuart execution | Elizabeth I ordered Mary Stuart executed after Mary became involved in a plot against Elizabeth |
| Reason Mary Stuart was executed | Mary was implicated in a serious conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth I and take the English throne |
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