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Neuro
Stack #4725398
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Action Potential (APs) | "Neurons must transmit signals over long distances along the axon "nerve impulse," "spike," or "neural discharge" "all or nothing events" like firing a gun |
| Action Potentials (APs) | rapid changes in the neurons in the neurons, resting, potential ("voltage") |
| Action Potentials (APs) | flips the intracellular charge of the neuron from negative to positive |
| Axon Hillock | "Trigger zone" it goes down the axon |
| Action Potential | goes down the axon to the presynaptic terminal |
| Action Potential | during active behavior of neuron, change in the membrane voltage |
| Action Potential (step 1) | A loaded neuron (polarization) |
| AP step 1 (polarization) at rest | neuron has 2 imbalances |
| 2 neuron imbalances during rest polarization | 1. large (outside) and small (inside) concentration of sodium + and small (outside) and large (inside) concentration of potassium 2. electrical charge with higher negative internal interior *Loaded neuron = imbalance of Na+ & K+ |
| AP step 2a | 1. chemical firing of neuron, chem transmission occurs at the synapse between neuron and another neuron (dendrite/soma) 2. neurotransmitters released from PST 3.NTs trans to synaptic cleft ("gap junction" 4. receptors attach to postsynaptic membrane |
| AP step 2a | 5. neurotransmitters = key, postsynaptic membrane receptors = lock 6. key unlocks then action signal is transmitted to receiving neuron |
| Action Potential (step 1) | A loaded neuron (polarization) |
| AP step 1 (polarization) at rest | neuron has 2 imbalances |
| 2 neuron imbalances during rest polarization | 1. large (outside) and small (inside) concentration of sodium + and small (outside) and large (inside) concentration of potassium 2. electrical charge with higher negative internal interior *Loaded neuron = imbalance of Na+ & K+ |
| AP step 2b (depolarization) | 1. neurotransmitters attach to receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane, nodes of Ranvier open causing sodium to enter neuron. Polarity (sudden electrical charge change) increase of sodium triggers AP like a wave down axon |
| AP step 3 (reloading/repolarization of neuro) | 1. Na gates close, then K gates open from the neuron, allows axon interior to become negative or rebalance, made possible by Na-K pump (3 Na ions exported for every 2k imported), resting membrane potential is re-established, and neuron is ready |
| Guillain Barre Syndrome | rapid, progressive demyelinating disease of peripheral nervous system -most common -destruction of schwann cells |
| Guillain Barre Syndrome side effects | paralysis begins in feet and hands progresses to trunk affected respiratory muscles pins and needles sensation weakness w/ walk and bathroom function loss speech and swallow |
| Guillain Barre Syndrome cause | unknown - difficult to identify -autoimmune response -botulism poisoning -viral infection |
| What makes up the CNS | brain, brainstem, spinal cord, cerebrum, cerebellum, subcortical nuclei, mesencephalon, diencephalon, pons, medulla. Integrates sensory & motor info. |
| Major sections of CNS | Brain: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes Bottom of brain: Pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum Spinal Cord: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral |
| Afferent Info thorough CNS | Somatosensory fibers: joints, skin, skeletal muscle, Viscerosensory fibers: viscera, vessels |
| Efferent fibers out from CNS | Somatomotor: skeletal muscle Viscromotor fibers: glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle (final output) Flows from cerebral cortex, motor fibers, skeletal muscles |
| Peripheral Nervous System Components | Sensory: sensory ganglia and nerves, sensory receptors (surface, within the body) - internal and external Motor: visceral (sympathetic, parasympathetic, & enteric divisions -muscles (smooth), autonomic ganglia and nerves) somatic (motor nerves) -skele |
| CNS | brain and spinal cord, encased by bone and skull function: to organize and analyze information |
| PNS | sensory receptors, neurons, and motor neurons, travel through or lies on top of muscle, organ, and skin tissue purpose: follow commands of PNS, PNS gathers sensory info and relays to CNS then PNS changes motor by CNS |
| Nerves (PNS) | Enter CNS = sensory info Exit CNS = volun/involun motor signals |
| PNS | cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
| PNS systems (2) | somatic (voluntary control - skeletal muscles) autonomic (involuntary regulation response - digestion and physiological functions (heart rate, pupil constriction) |
| Autonomic System | Sympathetic (fight or flight response /functions for survival, up) Parasympathetic (rest and digest state, down) |
| Mulitple Sclerosis | demyelinating disorder - disabling disease of brain & spinal cord (CNS) autoimmune disease, causes communication problems between the brain and the body -permanent or deterioration of nerves -cause: environmental virus -20-40 years old -females |
| Myelin | protective sheath that covers nerve fibers |
| Myelin symptoms | relapsing-remitting (relapses over days n weeks, partial improvement) -blurred/double/blind vision, red or green distortion -numbness or weakness (in limbs, on one side of the body at a time -shock sensations in neck -lack or coordination |
| Myelin symptoms | slurred speech fatigue dizziness tingling or pain in body parts problems w/ sexual, bladder, bowel functions |
| Neurology | branch of medicine that deals with disorders of nervous system |
| Neuroscience | why humans and animals behave the way they do -young field, nerves conduct electrical signals to and from brain Focal Point: nervous system |
| What are speech pathologist responsibilities? | changing patient's/client's/student's behavior, perception, or cognitive states, nervous system operation |
| Nervous System Classes (2) (CNS & PNS) | neuron cells (nerves) glial cells (produces support & protection) |
| Neurons "signal information" | highly excitable generate, transmit electrical signals across wide range & distance change electric states rapidly in response to environmental changes (sensory, taste, smell, balance, invol & vol movement) |
| Why do neurons change electric states rapidly in response to environmental changes? | ions (protein changes) rapid electrical changes trigger chemical agents to form networks (responsible for human behavior & bodily function) |
| Neuronal Structures (needed for signaling propagation) | highly excitable generate, transmit electrical signals across a distance change electric states rapidly in response to environmental changes (sensory, taste, smell, balance, invol & vol movement) |
| Neuronal groups | neural ensembles, neuronal groupings, neural networks, neural circuits, *all behaviors by neurons and distributed amongst "member" of groupings |
| Neuron network fundamental activities | receive, integrate, form an output |
| To receive input | dendrite/soma/cell body real-world signals of sensation excitatory inputs (increasing cellular activity, and production of neuro) inhibitory inputs (decrease cellular activity of production of neuron) |
| To integrate input | input will change baseline electrical state of neuron keys to creating many types of neural signaling axon hillock |
| Action Potential | -most important neural signals generated by neuron -signals that allow the brain to convey info through networks |
| Axon Hillock | AP initiated |
| Axon Hillock | -monitors change in electrical state of neuron's cell body -triggers the AP if electrical signals are great enough |
| What if there is no action potential? | no communication between neurons |
| To form an output | generated AP moves down axon to activate communication in presynaptic termina -electric or chemical -passed to input site of next neuron in neuron network at synapse (small gap at the end of neuron, allows signal to pass) - |
| Basic info flow | dendrite/soma to axon to dendrite/soma |
| Where do axons terminate? | Synapse |
| Pre synpatic cell | cell conveying info, contains all required machinery to transmit output to post synaptic |
| Post synaptic cell | cell receiving information |
| Dendrite | forms receiving end of synapse chief input of neuron small pier like protrusions (dendritic spines) |
| Dense arbors | greater input to neuron |
| less dense abors | less signal input to neuron |
| Structural groups of neurons (diff shapes and sizes) | unipolar bipolar multipolar (most common) |
| Afferent (balance) | sensory neurons carry signals toward CNS, provide feedback to motor control center |
| Efferent (motor neurons) | motor neurons carry signals from the brain, spinal cord, and brainstem to muscle tissues to glands of your body |
| Interneurons | interconnect different regions of brain, spinal cord, and brainstem (go betweens) *responsible for sharing information |
| Cell Membrane that holds neuron structures together | plasmalemma |
| Nucleus | -largest of the cell organelles -location of the cell's DNA -preserves the integrity and form of the chromosomes and mechanisms og gene expression |
| DNA | found in nucleus |
| Chromosomes | tightly wound structured unwound- double strand helix 2. deoxyribose sugar and phosphate molecules linked to 1/4 complex organic molecules or bases |
| Adenine | Thymine |
| Guanine | Cytosine |
| bases + sugar phosphate backbone molecule equals... | nucleotides |
| Genes | protein generating sequences short sections of DNA |
| Genetic Expression | key role of the nucleus of the neuron (consists of transcription and translation) |
| Glial Cells | microglia (sanitiation of brain, reduce inflammation) macroglia (astrocytes (star), Digodendrocytes (CNS), Schwann cells (PNS) |
| Myelin sheath | allows electrical signals/impulses to transmit down the axon |
| Nodes of Ranvier | Exposed unmyelinated areas of axon *Key players in process of conducting electrical signals down the axon |
| Astrocytes | most numerous and complex of glial cells supports signaling between neurons packs around synapse for protection |
| What does death of an astrocyte mean? | Death of the neuron |
| Astrocytes | -Blood Brain Barrier key protective mechanism of the brain and spinal cord |
| Blood Brain Barrier filtering system | to prevent infections agents, damaging molecules, and certain classes of immune cells from unrestricted access to brain |
| Tissue Types | White and Grey Matter |
| Grey Matter (cortex and nuclei) | organized in two arrangements in CNS 1. Cortex (bark, gyrus/sulci) 2. Nucleus/Nuclei (collection cell bodies in differently shaped 3D clusters) |
| Grey Matter (CNS) | 1. subcortical nuclei 2. Brainstem nuclei |
| Subcortical nuclei | responsible for processing info, integration/synthesis, and transmission of info to CNS -interconnected w/ cortex, subcortical nuclei (for movement, sensation, and cognition) |
| Brainstem nuclei | input and output sites for cranial nerves and fundamental behaviors by CNS |
| Nuclei | not randomly arranged, arranged by function or topography |
| Grey Matter (PNS) | Ganglion/Ganglia |
| Ganglion/Ganglia | organized into clusters of cells; brainstem and spinal cord -simple info transfer between periphery, spinal cord, or brainstem |
| White Matter (PNS) | all bundles of axons are called "nerves" |
| White Matter (CNS) | tracts, fibers, fiber tracts, pathways, peduncles, fasciculus, lemniscus, capsules, commisures -coated with myelin |
| Neurulation | -begins 3 weeks after conception -differentiation of cells in the embryo in CNS and PNS |
| Neurulation: Beginning Layers of Embryo | 1. Endoderm (gut, liver, and lungs - digestive organs) 2. Mesoderm (skeleton, muscles, kidneys, blood and heart) 3.Ectoderm (skin and nervou system) |
| Spina Bifida: neural tube defect | -failure of neural tube close appropriately -affects spine at birth -happens along spine if neural tube does not close -if backbone doesn't protect, form, and close as needed it results in spinal cord damage -folic acid is the best tool |
| Spinal Cord | -17-18 inches -1/4 - 1/2 in diameter -motor and sensory fibers -surrounded by bony vertebral column and 3 layered membrane "meninges" |
| Spinal Cord (two functions) | 1. chief input and output site 2. Responsible for transmission of ascending and descending info |
Created by:
Kmotle