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Chapter 3 SOC Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| culture | the entire way of life of a group of people (including both material and nonmaterial elements) that acts as a lens through which one views the world and that is passed from one generation to the next |
| society | a group of people who live in a definable geographic area and share a common culture, social structures, and mutual interactions |
| cultural universal | a pattern, trait, or institution found in all known human societies worldwide |
| cultural diffusion | the process by which cultural beliefs, practices, ideas, and technologies spread from one group or society to another |
| cultural lag | the period of maladjustment when non-material culture takes time to catch up with rapid advancements in material culture and technology |
| norms | the shared, unwritten rules and expectations that guide acceptable behavior within a group or society |
| mores | dictate moral behavior, distinguishing right from wrong within a culture |
| folkways | informal rules, customs, and habits of daily life that guide our casual social interactions and distinguish between polite and rude behavior |
| argot | a specialized, private vocabulary or set of idioms used by a subculture or marginalized group to communicate secretly and reinforce group identity |
| values | deeply held, collectively shared cultural standards and beliefs |
| rituals | stylized, repetitive, and rule-governed social practices that carry symbolic meaning beyond their immediate practical use |
| culture shock | the personal disorientation, confusion, and anxiety that people feel when they enter an unfamiliar cultural environment and their usual social rules no longer work |
| cultural relativism | the practice of understanding a person's beliefs, values, and practices within the context of their own culture |
| ethnocentrism | the tendency to use one's own culture as the standard to judge and evaluate other cultures, often viewing one's own group as superior |
| material culture | the physical, tangible objects, resources, and spaces that people create, use, and attach meaning to within a society |
| subculture | a smaller group within a mainstream culture that has its own distinct values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors |
| counter culture | a specific type of subculture whose values, norms, and behaviors actively and radically oppose the dominant mainstream culture |
| symbols | any object, gesture, sound, or image that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share the same culture |
| language | a system of conventional symbols (spoken, written, or signed) |
| sapir-whorf hypothesis | proposes that the structure and vocabulary of a native language shape or influence how its speakers perceive, cognize, and experience the world |
| ethnomethodology (Garfinkeling) | a sociological approach that studies how people use everyday methods, routines, and common sense to create and maintain a sense of social order |
| material culture | the physical, tangible objects, resources, and spaces that people create, use, and attach meaning to within a society |
| non-material culture | the intangible ideas, beliefs, values, and rules that shape how people think, feel, and behave in a society |
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