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bio midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| prokaryote cell | Single-cell organisms with no true nucleus Bacteria are the commonest and most well understood Ubiquitous, found in all environments (soil, water, etc) Most are non-pathogenic and non-infectious But, many are pathogenic |
| Eukaryote cell | Archaea used to be classified as bacteria, but differ in many ways (many archaeal genes are more like eukaryotic genes) Often found in extreme environments (hot sulfur springs, deep ocean vents) No archaeal pathogens are known |
| passive transport | Diffusion Osmosis |
| active transport | The movement of molecules across the membrane in the direction against their concentration gradient (from low to high concentration) |
| Endocytosis | the cell encloses extracellular material (by invagination of the cell membrane) to form a vesicle* |
| exocytosis | the cell ejects a vesicle through the cell membrane |
| cell | the smallest units that can live on its own in the human body. |
| tissue | A group of cells that have a similar structure and function form a tissue |
| organs | a group of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function |
| organ system | group of organs working together to fulfill one purpose |
| internal environment | All our cells live in the same environment: the extracellular fluid (ECF) (all the bodily fluids outside the cells), |
| external environment | The skin and the lining of the gastro- intestinal tract separate the Internal Environment |
| homeostasis | The process by which the body keeps the internal environment constant despite changes in the external environment |
| bacteria | are the commonest and most well understood Ubiquitous, found in all environments (soil, water, etc) Most are non-pathogenic and non-infectious But, many are pathogenic |
| archaea | used to be classified as bacteria, but differ in many ways (many archaeal genes are more like eukaryotic genes) |
| protozoa | |
| fungi | |
| Obligate aerobes | need oxygen for cellular respiration (conversion of sugars & fats to energy), typically at atmospheric levels (21% O2) |
| Microaerophiles | require oxygen, but at lower levels (2-10% O2) Campylobacter, Helicobacter pylori |
| Obligate | anaerobes are killed by atmospheric oxygen levels Clostridium, Bacteroides, Porphyromonas |
| Facultative | anaerobes can carry out respiration if oxygen is present Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria |
| Parasitic | one organism benefits at the expense of another, e.g. tuberculosis, HIV, measles |
| symbiotic | both organisms benefit, e.g. some gut bacteria produce micronutrients |
| commensalism | only one organism benefits, but the other does not suffer, e.g. Propionibacterium acnes |
| transformation | a form of horizontal transmission |
| transduction | infection with phage can transfer bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another |
| conjugation | Unidirectional transfer of material from one bacterium to another |
| Sporadic | Occur only occasionally and at irregular intervals in a random and unpredictable fashion |
| endemic | Continually present at a steady level in a population and pose little threat to Public Health |
| Epidemic | Sudden increase in the morbidity (illness rates) and mortality (death rates) above the usual, causing a potential Public Health problem |
| Pandemic | Diseases that can spread across continents and may be worldwide |
| portal of entry and modes | Direct Contact Animal bites Transplacental indirect Vehicles Airborne Vectors |
| C. diff | either fecal transfer, or oral capsulized, frozen fecal microbiota transplantation |
| nosocomial infections | most common cause of infectious diarrhea in healthcare settings: 15-39% antibiotic-associated diarrheas |
| innate immunity | immediate, minutes to hours, non-specific, no memory |
| adaptive immunity | longer, hours to days, specific tailored to pathogens, long- term memory |
| inflammatory response | response to a presents of a pathogen |
| antibodies | The way an antibody responds when it binds an antigen is determined by its constant region Antibody classes: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD |
| T-lymphocytes |
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