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Test 2: H + S
History and Systems Chapter 4-7 Study Guide Questions :)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In his early work when he was his own experimental subject, the 29-year-old Wilhelm Wundt found that he could ____. | not pay attention to two things at once |
| Wilhelm Wundt is the ____ of psychology as a discipline. | founder |
| What book marks the "literary birth" of the new science of psychology? | Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862) |
| In 1867, Wundt offered the first course ever given in ____. | physiological psychology |
| Wundt's system is most accurately called ____. | experimental psychology |
| Wundt established psychology as distinct from philosophy primarily in terms of its ____. | use of the experimental method |
| Wundt's influence was so widely felt that, as a tribute, his lab was later replicated in ____. | Japan and Russia |
| Which of the following statements is true of Wundt's cultural psychology? | It dealt with various stages of human mental development. |
| The cultural psychology of Wundt examined evidence from ____. | examination of language, myths, customs, law, and morals |
| Wundt argued that cognitive processes such as learning and memory could not be studied by experimental methods because ____. | they were influenced by language and aspects thereof |
| Wundt's productivity as a writer can be quantified by his output, which averaged ____. | 2.2 pages a day for over 50 years |
| For Wundt, the subject matter of psychology was ____. | consciousness |
| The first system or school of thought in psychology was called ____. | voluntarism by Wundt |
| Wundt's term voluntarism reflects his emphasis on the ____. | power of the will to organize the contents of the mind |
| In Wundt's laboratory, introspection was used to assess ____. | immediate experience |
| According to Wundt, psychology should be concerned with the study of ____. | immediate experience |
| If you look at a rose and observe, "The rose is red," you are observing the ____. | mediate experience |
| Introspection as used by Wundt is also called ____. | internal perception |
| Wundt's modification of introspection was the ____. | use of experimental controls |
| Which of the following is NOT one of Wundt's experimental conditions? | Observers must be able to describe the qualitative aspects of their experiences. |
| Wundt's observers used introspection to report ____. | judgments about the size and intensity of physical stimuli |
| Which of the following is NOT one of Wundt's goals for his psychology? | To identify the principles that govern the synthesis of those elements into higher cognitive processes such as learning |
| According to Wundt, the stimulation of a sense organ sufficiently to have the nerve impulse reach the brain defines a(n) ____. | sensation |
| Wundt classified sensations according to which characteristics? | intensity, duration, and sense modality |
| For Wundt, the difference between sensations and images was ____. | nonexistent |
| According to Wundt, there were two elementary forms of experience, namely ____. | sensation and feelings |
| For Wundt, feelings are ____. | based on three dimensions including pleasure/displeasure |
| Wundt's theory of feelings was based on ____. | his own introspections |
| Which of the following are the three dimensions of Wundt’s tridimensional theory of feelings? | pleasure/displeasure; tension/relaxation; excitement/depression. |
| Wundt's doctrine of apperception refers to ____. | the process of organizing mental elements into a whole |
| Wundt's doctrine of apperception was also known as the ____. | law of psychic resultants |
| The law of psychic resultants governs ____. | the organization of mental elements |
| The Gestalt psychologists' best-known tenet is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This same tenet was alleged in Wundt's principle of ____. | apperception |
| Which statement best describes the basic content of the Original Source Material by Wundt? | Psychology is concerned with how the active powers of the mind synthesize mental elements into states of consciousness. |
| In the Original Source Material from the Outline of Psychology, Wundt states "The law of psychical resultants...expresses a principle which we may designate, in view of its results as a ____." | principle of creative synthesis |
| According to Wundt, ____ has/have "to do with objective masses, forces, and energies" while ____ has/have "to do with subjective values and ends." | physical measurements; psychical measurements |
| Wundtian psychology in Germany was slow to develop because ____. | it was not seen as having practical value |
| The ultimate fate of Wundt's laboratory at Leipzig was that it ____. | was destroyed by allied bombing raids in World War II |
| The school of structuralism includes the work and/or systems of which of the following? | Titchener |
| Wundt's focus was on ____, whereas Titchener's was on ____. | Synthesis of elements; analysis of elements |
| Titchener discarded aspects of Wundt's system, including ____. | apperception |
| Titchener spent most of his career at ____. | Cornell University |
| Titchener's manner with his students during lectures was one of ____. | formality |
| Titchener's relationship with Wundt and his family was one of ____. | closeness |
| When Titchener returned to Oxford with his doctorate from Wundt, his colleagues ____. | Were skeptical of the use of scientific approaches to philosophical questions. |
| As more and more students became drawn to Titchener’s lectures at Cornell, he ____. | became less actively engaged in laboratory research. |
| One of the main reasons that Titchener's thought was believed to closely parallel that of Wundt was that Titchener ____. | translated Wundt's books from German into English |
| One of Titchener's most profound influences on the development of experimentation in psychology was his publication ____. | Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Laboratory Practice (1901-1905) |
| For many of his early years at Cornell, Titchener was known as "the professor in charge of ____ ." | music |
| Provided that students and colleagues were properly respectful, Titchener was ____ to them. | kind and helpful |
| Titchener excluded women from the meetings of the Titchener Experimentalists because women: | were too pure to smoke |
| Who scolded Titchener for still practicing "a very old fashioned standpoint" in excluding women from psychology meetings? | Ladd-Franklin |
| ____ was the first American woman to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology. | Margaret Floy Washburn |
| Of the 56 doctoral degrees Titchener conferred, what percentage were given to women? | more than a third |
| Who was the first female psychologist elected to the National Academy of Sciences? | Washburn |
| Titchener's definition of the appropriate subject matter of psychology is ____. | conscious experience |
| Titchener argued that psychology is unique among the sciences because ____. | psychology alone is dependent on experiencing persons |
| Who defined the subject matter of psychology as being a conscious experience as that experience is dependent on the person who is actually experiencing it? | Titchener |
| In the Original Source Material from A Textbook of Psychology, Titchener described the difference between ____. | independent and dependent experience |
| Titchener vigorously cautioned experimental psychologists about the stimulus error, that is, about ____. | describing the observed object rather than the experience of it |
| To confuse the mental process under study with the stimulus or object being observed was to commit ____. | stimulus error |
| If you described the test you are now taking as being on paper, you would not be giving a true introspective report of your conscious experience according to Titchener. In introspection, to use everyday words such as "paper" is to ____. | commit the stimulus error |
| Titchener opposed the development of areas such as child psychology and animal psychology because ____. | these areas did not focus on discovering the structures of mind |
| The sum of our experiences as they exist at a particular moment is Titchener's definition of ____. | consciousness |
| The sum of our experiences accumulated over a lifetime is Titchener's definition of ____. | mind |
| Who said psychology was NOT in the business of curing sick minds? | Titchener |
| Titchener's introspection method was most like ____ method. | Külpe's |
| While Wundt emphasized ____ and ____ reports during introspection, Titchener used ____ and ____ introspective reports. | objective, quantitative; subjective, qualitative |
| Titchener's opinion about how introspection should be used probably became formed ____. | before he went to Leipzig |
| The influence of mechanism on Titchener is exemplified in his ____. | use of the chemistry term reagents instead of observers |
| In his introspection experiments, Titchener wanted his subjects (observers) to ____. | Be passive recorders of the experiences registering on the conscious mind. |
| The ____ ask, "What's the mind made of?" whereas the ____ demand, "What does it do?" | structuralists; functionalists |
| Which of the of the following statements best summarizes the protest of functional psychology against Wundt and Titchener? | Functional psychology claimed that Wundt's and Titchener's approaches were too restrictive because they did not study the practical value of mental processes. |
| Functionalism was an intentional protest of the limitations of ____. | Wundt's experimentalism and Titchener's structuralism |
| The most important consequence of functionalism was ____. | the development of applied psychology |
| Which of the following works were most influential in the development of functionalism? | The work of Darwin and Galton and comparative research |
| ____, a predecessor of Darwin, speculated that all mammals had evolved from a single filament and given movement by God. | Erasmus Darwin |
| ____ argued that our bodies adapt to the environment and those adaptations will be heritable. | Jean-Baptiste Lamarck |
| ____ was an early evolutionary theorist who argued that acquired characteristics could be inherited. | Jean-Baptiste Lamarck |
| ____ was a confidant of Darwin who introduced the concept of evolution into geological theory. | Lyell |
| Why, after many centuries of accepting biblical stories, did scholars question the one about Noah's ark? | There were too many identified species to fit two of each into a boat. |
| What event(s) led common people to question whether humans were really unique creatures, totally unlike other species? | Displays of orangutans and chimpanzees became common in zoos, as well as fossil comparisons of gorilla and human skeletons. |
| How many years did Darwin wait to present his theory publicly? | 22 |
| A theory of evolution based on natural selection was developed independently by ____. | Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace |
| The essential difference between Wallace's theory of evolution and Darwin's was that the work of the former ____. | did not have empirical data to support it |
| ____ is the preeminent book of Darwin's theory of evolution, which details the evolution of humans from lower forms of life. | On the Origin of Species |
| The most fundamental point of Darwin's theses was the ____. | fact of variation among members of the species |
| Who predicted that humans in the future will live on the edge of starvation because the population of humans increases geometrically while the supply of food increases arithmetically? | Malthus |
| Darwin's position on Lamarck's idea that changes due to experiences can be inherited was the ____ of Lamarck's ____. | acceptance; doctrine |
| Who could be described as the driving force of England's scientific establishment? | Huxley |
| Today, scientists are sometimes portrayed as offering science as a new religion or as being enemies of religion. This stance could be traced to ____. | Huxley |
| In a public debate on evolution, ____ refuted the points made against evolution by ____. | Huxley; Wilberforce |
| In his book ____, Darwin emphasized the similarity between human and animal mental processes. | The Descent of Man |
| In his book ____, Darwin explained human emotional gestures, postures, and other aspects of body language that convey emotion as remnants of adaptive movements by animals. | The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals |
| One of the early sources of modern child psychology was an article in 1877 by ____ | Darwin |
| In the study of finches' beaks, the biologists Peter and Rosemary Grant found that ____. | All of the choices are correct. |
| In his journal Mind, Darwin describes ____. | the developmental stages of his son in relation to human evolution. |
| The influence of Darwin's work can be seen most directly in ____. | comparative psychology |
| A consequence of Darwin's work for psychology was ____. | the legitimization of nonexperimental descriptive methods |
| consequence of Darwin's work for psychology was ____. | a focus on individual differences |
| In the Original Source Material from his autobiography, Charles Darwin described himself as ____. | All of the choices are correct. |
| Today, our acceptance that the study of individual differences is appropriate subject matter for psychology is due to whose work? | Galton |
| Who wrote a 16th-century book on individual differences and argued that children's education should be individualized to recognize such differences? | Huarte |
| Who wrote Hereditary Genius? | Galton |
| When Galton founded the science of eugenics, he ____. | invented the term "eugenics" |
| The early 20th-century American government policy of sterilizing mentally retarded females is an example of ____. | eugenics |
| Galton argued that what proportion of eminence could be reliably attributed to environmental influences? | 0% |
| Perhaps the most important factor that enabled functionalist psychology to flourish in the United States was the ____. | American temperament as a whole |
| Spencer's philosophy was ____. | Darwinism |
| Who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest"? | Spencer |
| Who originated the idea of social Darwinism? | Spencer |
| According to Spencer, the universe operates in accord with ____. | the principle of the survival of the fittest |
| Which of the following statements is NOT part of social Darwinism? | Each nation should have a social welfare program that supports the poor. |
| The most appealing aspect of Spencer's philosophy for Americans was the notion of ____. | survival of the fittest |
| Spencer developed synthetic philosophy, which was an attempt to ____. | use evolutionary theory as a way to understand any process that undergoes change and development |
| Synthetic as used in the name "synthetic philosophy" refers to ____. | combining or synthesizing |
| Who was the earliest to argue that the mind exists in its present form because of past and present efforts to adapt to various environments? | Spencer |
| Spencer's (1855) The Principles of Psychology was based on ____. | his synthetic philosophy |
| The first person who applied evolution to machines was ____. | Butler |
| Who pioneered an innovative method of information processing? | Hollerith |
| The fear in the 1960s that we would all be reduced to punched cards may not have happened without the work of ____. | Hollerith |
| Who had an interest in mystical events or what we call parapsychology? | James |
| The major antecedent of functionalism in the United States was the work of ____. | James |
| James was vocally criticized by other early psychologists because he ____. | studied psychic phenomena and moved away from scientific psychology |
| "That nasty little science" was James's label for ____. | psychology |
| "An elaboration of the obvious" was James's description of ____. | psychology |
| This person was born into a wealthy American family. He eventually received a medical degree and taught psychology at Harvard University. | William James |
| James became familiar with the work of Wundt ____. | in the late 1860s, before Wundt founded the Leipzig psychology laboratory |
| While today people might suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome, in James's day a very fashionable disorder to suffer from was ____. | neurasthenia |
| James's term for his debilitating disorder was ____. | Americanitis |
| James's position on determinism versus free will can be characterized by which of the following? | My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will. |
| James believed that his bout of depression was relieved when he ____. | chose to believe in free will |
| James's experiments with mind-altering chemicals interested him because they ____. | fascinated him because of the way bodily changes influenced consciousness |
| The lecturer in James's first course in psychology was ____. | James |
| Although it took twelve years to complete, ____'s great book on psychology represented a commitment to evolutionary principles and a rejection of Wundt's approach to psychology. | William James |
| James described the manuscript of his book, The Principles of Psychology, as testimony to the fact that ____. | a "science of psychology" did not exist |
| ____ is often called America's greatest philosopher. | William James |
| Educational psychology as a discipline began with the work of ____. | James |
| "The study of living people as they adapt to their environment" is the central tenet of ____. | James's psychology |
| William James ____. | established an environment favorable for functionalism with his Principles of Psychology |
| For James, what was most essential to human evolution? | consciousness |
| For James, the "conditions" of mental life are the influences of ____. | the body |
| The idea of "objective experience" would be ____. | contrary to James's position |
Created by:
Bizzie B