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Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The law of conservation of matter | There is no detectable change in the total quantity of matter present when matter converts to one type to another (chemical change) or changes in solid, liquid, or gas state |
| Pure substance | constant composition all specimens have exactly the same makeup and properties |
| Elements | Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical change. |
| Compounds | Pure substances that are comprised of two or more elements |
| Mixture | two or more types of matter |
| Heterogenous mixture | Not uniform throughout. (Italian dressing: oil and vinegar. One drop may be mostly oil another mostly vinegar) |
| Homogenous mixture: | Uniform throughout (same thing each drop) |
| Physical property | characteristics of matter that can be observed without changing the chemical identity (Density, color, hardness, mass) |
| Physical change | Any change which preserves the chemical identity of the substance (bend, freezing, separation, mixing) |
| Chemical property | change from one type of matter to another. Only be observed through chemical reaction (flammability, toxicity, acidity) |
| Chemical change | produces one or more types of matter that differ from the matter present before the change. Changes that alter the chemical identity of one or more substance (rust is a diff kind of matter, food being cooked, rotting, digestion) |
| 2 properties of matter | extensive property and intensive |
| Extensive property | amount of matter present. Mass and volume of a substance. (gallon of milk has more mass than a cup of milk) |
| Intensive property- | physical or chemical trait of matter that does not change based on the amount of substance present (temp, density, boiling or melting point) |
| Periodic table groups | metals, non metals, metalloids |
| Metals | conduct electricity and heat |
| Non-metal | poor conductors |
| Metalloids | share properties of both metals and non-metals |
| Common unit prefixes | |
| Scientific notation: positive exponent | larger numbers. Move decimal to left |
| Scientific notation: negative exponent | smaller number. Move decimal to right |
| Converting temp Celcius of Kelvin | C+273.2=K |
| Accuracy | how close your measured value is to your true value |
| Precise | how finally and instrument measures |
| Sig fig- Addition and Subtraction | Least sig fig of the answer will be in the same position as the least sig fig of the least precise input |
| Sig fig- multiplication and division | quantity of sig fig of the input with fewest sig fig digits |
| Velocity | density/time |
| Dalton’s atomic theory | all matter is made of tiny, indivisible, and indestructible particles called atoms |
| Law of Defiant Proportions | Specific chemical compound always contains the exact same elements in the exact same proportions by mass, no matter where it comes from or how it is made (H2O is always roughly 11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen by mass) |
| Law of Multiple Proportions | When two elements make diff compounds together, fixing the mass of element A means the varying masses of element B will relate to each other in simple whole-number ratios (like 1:1, 1:2, or 2:3) |
| J.J thompson- | Catho ray Discovered the electron and its charge/mass ratio |
| Milikan | oil drop Fundamental charge and mass of electron |
| Ernest Rutherford | Gold foil Atomic nucleus |
| Isotopes | same number of protons diff number of neutrons |
| Z | atomic # = number of protons |
| A | mass # = number of protons and neutrons |
| q | Charge. protons- electrons |
| Electron charge | -1.602 x 10^ -19 |
| Electron mass (amu) | 0.00055 |
| Electron mass (g) | 0.00091 x 10^10-24 |
| Proton charge | 1.602 x 10^-19 |
| Proton mass (amu) | 1.00727 |
| Proton mass (g) | 1.67262 x 10^-24 |
| neutron mass (amu) | 1.00866 |
| neutron mass (g) | 1.67493 x 10^-24 |
| Atomic Mass | M= ∑i massi x %abundancei/ 100% |
| 1 quart | 0.25 gallons |
| 1 gallon | 3.79 L |
| 1 L | 1000 ml |
| 4 quarts | 1 gallon |
| 1 kg | 2,2 lbs |
| 1 mile | 1.609 kilometers |
| 1 kg | 1000g |
| 16 oz | 1 lbs |
| 1g | 1 x 10^-9 ng |
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