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Unit 2
Unit 2 - Civil War and Reconstruction
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Jeffersonian republicanism | Jefferson’s theory of government, which held that a simple government best suited the needs of the people. American government should prioritize yeoman farmers, planters and the “plain folk”. Favored agrarianism over urban industrialism. |
| Marbury v. Madison | an 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power came to be known as judicial review. |
| Judicial review | the Supreme Court’s power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. |
| Louisiana Purchase | the 1803 purchase by the United States of France’s Louisiana Territory—extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains—for $15 million. |
| Monroe Doctrine | a policy of U.S. opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823. |
| American System | a pre-Civil War set of measures designed to unify the nation and strengthen its economy by means of protective tariffs, a national bank, and such internal improvements as the development of a transportation system. |
| Missouri Compromise | a series of agreements passed by Congress in 1820–1821 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states. |
| Jacksonian democracy | Jackson’s political philosophy, based on his belief that common people were the source of American strength. |
| Universal (white) male suffrage | the enfranchisement of all white men in the United States regardless of property or class. Broadly achieved by the 1820’s. |
| Trail of Tears | the marches in which the Cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the Indian Territory in 1838–1840, with thousands of the Cherokee dying on the way. |
| Manifest destiny | the 19th-century belief that the United States would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory |
| Texas Annexation | Texas enters the Union as a slave state in 1845 |
| Mexican - American War | war between the US and Mexico from 1846 to 1845 following the American annexation of Texas. The US invaded Mexico and eventually forced Mexico to cede the modern American West to the US. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | the 1848 treaty ending the U.S. war with Mexico, in which Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the United States. |
| Market revolution | the major change in the U.S. economy produced by people’s beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves. |
| Abolition | movement to end slavery. |
| Nullification Crisis | conflict between South Carolina and the federal government in 1832-1833 over the issue of federal tariffs. SC attempted to declare tariff “null and void” within the state. Federal government reserved the right to use armed force to get SC to comply. |
| nullification | a state’s refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional. |
| Secession | the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union. |
| “King Cotton” | Expression used by Southern speakers and authors before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton. Coined by James Hammond. |
| Internal Slave Trade | The slave trade conducted from within the US; the "Second Middle Passage". Enslaved people were forcibly moved from the Upper South (as crops like tobacco became less profitable) to the Lower South (as cotton gained dominance) in the antebellum era |
| Planter Class | Whites that owned 20-50 slaves and 800 or more acres; political, social, and economic domination of the South; only about 2.5-3% of the Southern population. |
| Upper South | Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee Arkansas. |
| Lower South | Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. Sometimes called the 'Deep South'. |
| Underground Railroad | a system of routes along which runaway slaves were helped to escape to Canada or to safe areas in the free states. |
| Popular sovereignty | a system in which the residents vote to decide an issue. In the case of the Civil War, the idea that residents of territories and states would vote to decide is slavery was allowed or not. |
| Sectionalism | restriction of interest to a narrow sphere; a loyalty to one’s own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole. |
| Free Soil Movement | minor but influential political party in the pre-Civil War period of American history that opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories. |
| Compromise of 1850 | Laws passed in 1850 that were meant to resolve the dispute over the status of slavery in the territories; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas. |
| Fugitive Slave Act | Part of the Compromise of 1850; gave federal government authority in cases involving runaway slaves seeking shelter in free states; aroused considerable opposition in the North. |
| Uncle Tom’s Cabin | Best selling novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Dramatized the brutality of slavery. Heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict. |
| Kansas Nebraska Act | Law proposed by Senator Steven Douglas (Illinois) in 1854. Advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories and repealed the Missouri Compromise. |
| Republican Party | political party formed in 1854, this was the first sectional party. Only found support in North and West, no support in the South. Created as a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and attempted to keep slavery out of the territories. |
| Bleeding Kansas | Term for the violent struggle between anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions over the status of slavery in Kansas. |
| Dred Scott v Sandford | Supreme Court ruled that African Americans could not be citizens. Denied the federal government (Congress) the right to exclude slavery from the territories, overturning the Missouri Compromise. |
| John Brown’s Raid (1859) | Radical abolitionist John Brown attempt start a slave rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved with the weapons. Became a villain to southerners who believed northerners would use violence to end slavery; he became a martyr to some northerners. |
| “Fire-eaters” | Extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America. |
| Election of 1860 | Presidential election between in which the electorate fractured into sectional parties. Republican Abraham Lincoln won the most votes (without any electoral votes from the South) and was elected President. Led to the secession of the Southern states. |
| Fort Sumter | Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, SC; Confederate attack on the Union troops occupying it on April 12, 1861 marked the outbreak of hostilities in the Civil War. |
| Confederate States of America (Confederacy | The 11 states that seceded from the United States in 1861: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. |
| Border states | States bordering the North: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia. Slave states that remained loyal to the Union. |
| Antietam | September 1862 - Union victory that gave Lincoln the military victory he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Discouraged the French and British from recognizing or supporting the Confederacy. Bloodiest single day in American history. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Proclamation issued January 1, 1863 that legally abolished slavery in all states that remained outside of the Union. Signaled an end to the institution of slavery and a change in the war's objectives. Allowed Black men into service in the military. |
| Gettysburg | July 1863 - Turning point of the war and largest and bloodiest battle of the war; Union victory prevents a planned invasion of the North and marks the high point of the Confederacy; from this point on the South will be on the defensive. |
| Vicksburg | July 1863 - Union gains control of the Mississippi River and splits the Confederacy in two; Ulysses S. Grant is promoted to head of all Union armies; marks the beginning of total war. |
| Thirteenth Amendment | an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1865, that has abolished slavery and involuntary servitude. |
| Fourteenth Amendment | an amendment to the U.S .Constitution, adopted in 1868, that makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection of the laws. |
| Fifteenth Amendment | an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1870, that prohibits the denial of voting rights to people because of their race or color or because they have previously been slaves. |
| Reconstruction | 1865-1877 during which attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social and economic legacy. Dealt with the readmission of the 11 Confederate states as well as the physical rebuilding of the damage wrought by the war. |
| Presidential Reconstruction | Andrew Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction. Very lenient towards the defeated South and had no provisions for protecting the rights of Freedmen. |
| Congressional Reconstruction | Congress, controlled by the radical wing of the Republican Party, seized control of the Reconstruction process from President Johnson in 1867. Federal troops occupy the South. Attempted to protect the civil and political rights of African-Americans. |
| Radical Republicans | Members of the Republican Party who were bitterly opposed to slavery and to southern slave owners since the mid-1850s. With the Confiscation Act in 1861, Radical Republicans began to use wartime legislation to destroy slavery. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | Legislation passed by Congress that nullified the Black Codes and affirmed that African Americans should have equal protection under the law. |
| Military Reconstruction Act | 1867, South was divided into five military districts governed by military governors until state constitutions were written (that guaranteed voting rights for all men). |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | Government organization created in March 1865 to aid displaced African Americans and other war refugees. First federal agency in history that provided direct payments to assist those in poverty and to foster social welfare. |
| Scalawag | a white Southerner who joined the Republican Party after the Civil War. |
| Carpetbagger | a Northerner who moved to the South after the Civil War. |
| Sharecropping | a system in which landowners give farm workers land, seed, and tools in return for a part of the crops they raise. |
| Ku Klux Klan (KKK) | Secret society society created in 1866 that undertook terrorist violence against African American in the South after the Civil War. Sought to prevent freepeople from exercising their rights and freedom. |
| Black codes | Laws passed by southern states after the Civil War that denied ex-slaves the civil rights enjoyed by whites, punished vague crimes such as "vagrancy". Attempted to force African Americans back to plantation labor systems |
| Force Acts | Acts passed by Congress in 1870 that were designed to protect freemen's rights under the 14th and 15th Amendments. Authorizing federal prosecutions, military intervention, and martial law to suppress white supremacist terrorist activity |
| White Leagues | white supremacist paramilitary terrorist organization started in 1874. Unlike the Klan, White Leagues operated openly and sought to gain popular support through newspapers and other propaganda tools. |
| Redeemers | Southern Democratic politicians who sought to overthrow the elected Republican governments in the South. Terrorized Republicans, especially Black Republicans, through violence. Successfully reestablished white rule in the former Confederacy by 1877. |
| Lynching | an extrajudicial mob murder of someone accused of a crime or transgression, often by hanging. Used by whites during the 19th and 20th centuries to terrorize and control African-American communities. |
| Compromise of 1877 | Deal that settled the contested 1876 presidential election between Rutherford Hayes (Republican) & Samuel Tilden (Democrat) and ended Reconstruction; Hayes was awarded the presidency in return for the removal of federal troops from the South. |
| Segregation | the separation of people on the basis of race. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | an 1896 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that separation of the races in public accommodations was legal, thus establishing the “separate but equal” doctrine |
| Disenfranchisement | the state of being deprived of a right or privilege, especially the right to vote. |
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