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Membranes&Integumen.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the primary function of synovial fluid? | Provides cushioning and reduces friction |
| Mucous membranes | lines the cavities that are open to the environment |
| What is a key characteristic of cutaneous membranes? | They are a keratinizing, stratified squamous epithelium |
| what do synovial membranes surround? | tendon sheaths |
| Which structures are lined by mucous membranes? | Hollow organs of respiratory tract |
| Which membrane type would you find in the esophagus? | Mucous membrane |
| The visceral layer of a serous membrane: | Covers the organs within the cavity |
| What is the primary function of mucus in mucous membranes? | To protect membranes and aid in transport |
| The parietal layer refers to: | The outer lining of body cavities |
| Which membrane type is composed solely of connective tissue? | Synovial membrane |
| what are the epithelial membranes? | mucous, serous, and cutaneous |
| what are the three types of serous membranes | pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum |
| the visceral layer refers to: | the inner lining that covers each organ within the body cavity |
| what is the purpose of the serous fluid secreted by serous membranes? | a lubricant and parietal and visceral membranes, minimize friction and "wear and tear" |
| what are cutaneous membranes also known as? | skin |
| basic structure of skin? | keratinizing, stratified squamous epithelium over dense, fibrous connective tissue |
| Which of the following are examples of body cavities lined with mucous membranes? | oesophagus, bladder, nostrils |
| The stratum lucidum is found only in: | The palms and soles |
| Which layer of the epidermis is the outermost layer? | Stratum corneum |
| What is the primary function of adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer? | Insulates to conserve body heat |
| What is the largest organ in the body by weight? | The skin |
| What is the process called when keratinocytes harden, dehydrate, and die? | Keratinization |
| The basement membrane: | Separates epidermis from dermis and anchors them together |
| Which type of melanin is responsible for reddish-yellow coloring in areas like the lips? | Pheomelanin |
| The deepest layer of the epidermis is the: | Stratum basale |
| The epidermis consists of what type of tissue? | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Which layer of skin contains blood vessels? | Dermis |
| Yellowish skin color can result from: | Excess carotene intake or jaundice |
| does the epidermis have blood vessels | no |
| what are the 4 layers of the epidermis from the top to bottom | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum |
| what is cytocrine secretion | melanin is transferred from the extensions of the melanocytes to other nearby cells |
| what is cyanosis | poorly oxygenated blood looks blue, due to deep red tone of the hemoglobin |
| Our fingerprints are different on each finger, they are not clones of each other. What factors determine our fingerprint patterns? | DNA, Combination of genes (genotype), Environment (diet, pollution etc.), Migration of cells during embryonic development, |
| Fingerprints are derived from which layer of the cutaneous membrane? | Papillary |
| Which layer of the epidermis is alive and able to carry out Mitosis? | Stratum basale |
| Name the two layers of the cutaneous membrane. | Dermis Epidermis |
| What type of tissue is found in the Hypodermis? | Adipose, Fibrous connective |
| where are apocrine glands found | genital and axilla |
| what is the hypodermis also called | subcutaneous fascia. |
| What is the name of the outer layer of the dermis? | Papillary layer |
| Select all of the following that are made of fat cells. | Adipose tissue Hypodermis Lipocytes |
| Which cells are responsible for removing debris and dead cells during wound healing? | Phagocytic cells |
| What condition involves inflammation of the membrane lining the thoracic cavity and lungs? | Pleurisy |
| What appears as a scaly, reddened patch that progresses to an ulcer-like mass with raised borders? | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| According to the ABCD rule, what diameter size should raise concern for melanoma? | Larger than a quarter inch |
| What type of cells shows abnormal growth in squamous cell carcinoma? | Cells in the stratum spinosum |
| In which layer do cells multiply to cause basal cell carcinoma? | Stratum basale |
| What characterizes psoriasis? | Thick red skin with silver-white scales, itchy, burn, crack |
| Which type of wound healing occurs when epithelial cells reproduce to fill in the injury? | Superficial healing |
| serous fluid function | lubricant parietal and visceral membranes to minimize friction and "wear and tear" |
| when is the cutaneous membrane considered dry | when no sweat is present |
| what is the subcutaneous layer(hypodermis) composed of | adipose and areolar tissue |
| subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) function | binds skin to underlying tissue, but it is not apart of the skin, contains major blood vessels that supply the skin |
| what does adipose tissue do | insulates to conserve body heat |
| how many layers in the epidermis when there is thick skin | 5 |
| why is the epidermis important | protects against water loss, mechanical injury, chemicals, microorganisms |
| what color is eumelanin | brownish-black |
| what affects skin color | circulation within dermal blood vessels |
| how does the body respond to excess cooling | vasoconstruction of dermal blood vessels keeping blood in core, inactivation of the sweat glands, shivering |
| how does shivering work | involuntary form of skeletal muscle contraction, which causes an increase in cellular respiration this releases heat as a by product |
| how does the body respond to excess heat | vasodilation, sweat glands are activated as sweat is released it evaporates, cooling the skin |
| Which modified sweat gland produces a substance that traps pathogens? | Ceruminous glands |
| What causes goose bumps? | Contraction of arrector pili muscles |
| What type of glands are sebaceous glands? | Holocrine glands |
| How does the skin respond to hyperthermia? | Blood vessel dilation and increased sweating |
| What is the primary function of sebum? | To waterproof and moisturize skin and hair |
| Which structure represents the most actively growing region of the nail? | Lunula |
| Which skin function helps maintain calcium homeostasis? | Vitamin D synthesis |
| What is the composition of a hair shaft? | Dead, keratinized cells |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of the dermis? | Producing new skin cells |
| How does the skin respond to hypothermia? | Decreased sweating and vasoconstriction |
| Which type of sweat gland becomes active during puberty and responds to emotional stimuli? | Apocrine glands |
| mammary glands | secrete milk to nourish baby |
| ceruminous glands | secrete wax in ear canal to trap dust and pathogens |
| what do dilated blood vessels do to aid in healing wounds | bring fluids, oxygen, nutrients, and immune cells |
| what do fibroblasts do when responding to a deep wound | migrate into the area, and secrete collagen fibers to bind the edges of the wound together |
| how does a scar form | extensive collagen fiber production in the wound site |
| what is peritonitis | infection of the peritoneum |
| how is peritonitis caused | accumulation of blood, bodily fluids, or pus in the abdomen |
| what is basal cell carcinoma caused by | overproduction of cells in the stratum Basale that push upward, forming dome-shaped bumps |
| what is squamous cell carcinoma caused by | overproduction of cells in the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis |
| what is malignant melanoma | cancer of melanocytes |
| what does the pericardium surround | the heart |
| pluera | encases the lungs |
| layers of the epidermis from top to bottom | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, straum, spinosum, stratum Basale, |
| reticular layer | dense irregular connective tissue, collagen elastic fibers, glands, hair follicles |
| reticular layer function | provides strength, elasticity, and support |
| what is hemostasis | when blood clots form to stop bleeding |
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mrt.17000