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Unit 2 Vocabulary
Unit 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | In biology, the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; cells are covered by a membrane and contain DNA and cytoplasm. |
| Organism | A living thing; anything that can carry out life processes independently. |
| Cell membrane | A phospholiquid layer that covers a cell's surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell an the cell's enviornment. |
| Cytoplasm | The region of the cell with the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus. |
| Organelle | One of the small bodies in a cell's cytoplasm that are specialized to perform a specific function. |
| Nucleus | 1. In a eukaryotic cell, a membrane- bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and that has a role in processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction, 2. In physical science, an atom's central region, which is made up of protons and neutrons. |
| Prokaryote | A single- celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; examples are archaea an bacteria. |
| Eukaryote | And organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane; eukaryotes include protists, animals, plants, and fungi but not archaea or bacteria |
| Atom | The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element. |
| Molecule | A group of atoms that re held together by chemical bonds; a molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that can exist by itself and retain all of the substance's chemical properties. |
| Liquid | The state of matter that has a definite volume but not a definite shape. |
| Protein | A molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body. |
| Carbohydrate | A class molecule that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; contains carbon hydrogen, and oxygen. |
| Nucleic acid | A molecule mad up f nucleotide subunits that carries information in cells. |
| Phospholipid | A liquid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes. |
| Cytoskeleton | The cytoplasmic network of protein filaments and that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division. |
| Mitochondrion | In eukaryotic cells, the organelle that is in the site of cellular respiration, which releases energy for use by the cell. |
| Ribosome | A cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | A chemical reaction requires energy input, usually as heat |
| Golgi complex | A cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell. |
| Cell wall | A rigid structure that surround the cell membrane and provides support to the cell. |
| Vacuole | A fluid-filled vesicle found in the cytoplasm of plant cells or protozoans. |
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs. |
| Lysosome | A cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. |
| Tissue | A group of similar cells that perform a common function. |
| Organ | A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body. |
| Organ system | A group of organs that work together to perform body functions |
| Structure | The arrangement of parts in an organism. |
| Function | The special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or part. |
| Homeostasis | The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing enviornment. |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food. |
| Cellular respiration | The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food. |
| Mitosis | In eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which as the same number of chromosones. |
| Passive transport | The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy bu the cell. |
| Diffusion | The movement of particles from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water through semipermeable membrane. |
| Active transport | The movement of chemical substances usually across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy. |
| Endocytosis | The process by which cell membrane surrounds particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell. |
| Exocytosis | The process in which a cell releases a particle in a vesicle that then moves to the cell surface and fuses with the cell membrane. |
| Species | A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring. |
| Genus | The level of classification that comes after family and that contains similar species. |
| Domain | In a taxonomic system on of the three broad groups that living things fall into. |
| Bacteria | A domain made up of prokaryotes that usually have a cell wall and that usually reproduce by cell division. |
| Archaea | A domain made up of prokaryotes most of which are known to live in extreme enviornments that are distinguished from other prokaryotes by differences in their genetics and in the makeup of their cell wall. |
| Eukarya | In a modern taxonomic system, a domain made up of all eukaryotes; this domain aligns with the traditional kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. |
| Protista | A kingdom of mostly one-celled eukaryotic organisms that are different from plants, animals, archaea, bacteria, and fungi. |
| Fungi | A kingdom made up if nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients. |
| Plantae | A kingdom made up of complex, multicellular organisms that are usually green, have cell walls made up of cellulose, cannot move around, and use the sun's energy to make sugar by photosynthesis. |
| Animalia | A kingdom made up of complex, multicellular organisms that lack cell walls, can move around, and quickly respond to their envionment. |
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