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A&P exam 1 ch. 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is anatomy | science of the body strutures and the relationshipp among structures. |
| What is physiology | science of the function sturctures- how the body works |
| What is reductionish | process of the breaking things down into their component parts to better understand |
| What is dissection | carefully cutting apart body structures |
| What are the levels of the body organization | 1. chemical 2. cellular 3. tissue 4. organ. 5. stystem( organs) 6.organism level |
| What are atoms | smallest unit of matter |
| What are molecules | combinations of tow or more atoms biological atoms- "protoplasm" large molecules that are essential to life, come together to from organelles |
| What is a cell | basic unit of life, made of up life and many organelles |
| What is cytology | study of cells |
| What is tissue | group of similar cells that material surrounding these cells |
| What is hiltology | study of tissues |
| What is an organ | sturctures compposed of two or more differnt tissues liver, hear. |
| What does system level mean | consists of related organs that serve a common function ex: urinary-removes waste products, cardio strength |
| What does organism level mean | a living indivdidual combinition of all system |
| what is a metabolism | set of all chemical process that occur within the body |
| What is catabolism | the phase of metabolism when large complex chemical structures are broken down in to smaller ones |
| What is anabolism | building up chemical complex structures from small ones |
| What is responsiviness | the ability to detect and respond to stimulus: requires structures like nervous system |
| What is movement | Ability to initate motion (in and out cell mater requires muscle tissue) |
| What is growth | an increase in body size that results from cell growth and/or increase in number of cells |
| What is differention | process where cells become specialized from their non-specialized ancestors |
| What is stem cell | non-specialized anestar cell that are undifferentiated |
| What is reproduction | formation of new cells for group repair or individual |
| What is homeostatsis | maintaining a relatively stable condition within the bodys internal environment |
| What is a disease | an illness characterized by reconizble set of signs and symptoms-anything that interferes with homeostatsis |
| What is a symptom | changes in body function that are not aparent to the observer ex pain, headach |
| What is a sign | objective chnage that an observer can reasure feverm bp, rash |
| What is a diagnosis | art of distinguishing one disease from another determing the nature of the disease ex SARS |
| What is a feedback system | cycle of events in which status of body condiiton is continually monitored evaluated and change |
| What are the two type of feedback loop | positive; reinforces the signal change to controlled function( muscles contract during delivery negative: reverses the orignal change that the bodys response to maintain physiological levels |
| What are the components of a feedback stystem | receptor-structure taht monitors change in the body and sends signals to control center control center_ recieves information that receptors evaualte effector: produced a response that is coordinated through control center |
| What pis the anatomical position | person stands straight with face and toes pointing forward, hands at side, feet on floor |
| pWhat is the mid-sagittal plane | divides body into equal right and left |
| What is the sagittal plane | any plane that is parrell to the right mid-sag plane |
| What is the frontal (coronal) plane | divides the body or organ into front and back past mid sag plane |
| What is transerse (horizontal) plane | divides body into top and bottom portion |
| What is the sagittal oblique plane | passes through body at angle |
| What is superior | towards head |
| What is inferior | towards lower part of body away from head |
| What is anterior (ventral) | towards the front of body |
| What is posterior( dorsal) | towards the back of the organ |
| Wht is the medial | towrds the midle(mid-sagittal) |
| What is the lateral | away from midline |
| What is lipisilaterl | located on the same side of the body as another structure |
| What is constralateral | located on the oposite side of body from another structure |
| What is proximal | nearer to the point of organ or attachment |
| What is distal | farther away from the suraface |
| What is superfical | towards the surface |
| What is deep | away from surface |
| What is visceral | pertaining to the outer wall of body cavity |
| What is pore | refers to the body laying face down, also refers to hand |
| What is supine | lying face up, also referes to head |
| What are the three body cavities | dorsal, ventral and abdominal |
| What is a cranial cavity | containing the brain |
| What is a vertebal (spinal) cavity | contains spinal cavity |
| What is the thorsic cavity | chest- lies above diaphram containing heart and lungs |
| What is the abdoninopelvic cavity | lies below diagphram |
| What is abdominal cavity | superior portion that containing organs of digestion |
| What is the pelvic cavity | inferior portion, contains urinary, bladder and internal reproductive organs |
| What are the 4 quadrents the abs are divided into | right upper/lower left upper/lower, divided into 9 sections for a more accuract seperation |
| What is a chemical reaction | makes up breaking chemical bods |
| What is a catalyst | substance that speeds up a chemical reaction |
| What are enxymes | biological catalysts -usually containing a protein portion, co-enzyme: non-protein portion that activates enzymes cofactor-organic enzyme lowers activation energy, end in ase |
| What are the different types of chemical reactions | anabolism, catabolism, exhange reaction, oxidation |
| Wat is a anabolism | synthesis reaction, large molecules are formed by combining small molecules energy A + B-> AB |
| What is a catabolism | decomposotion reaction=hydrolsis, large to small molecules AB<- A + B |
| What is a exchange reaction | molecules are broken down reformed to make a differnt molecule AB + CE -> AD + BC |
| What is oxidation | loose electron |
| What is a reduction | gain election |
| What is a inorganic compound | usually lack carbon, small, ionically bond molecules, vital to body function |
| Why is water important to inorganc compounds | universal solvent, polar molecule, hydrophylic which allows other polar molecules to be dissolved particpant in most chem reactions, has heat capsity, great lubricant |
| What is an acid | releases hydrogen ion |
| What is a base | proton accepor on a substance that releases hydrogen |
| What is salt | dissolves into cations and anions when dissolved |
| What is ph scale | measurement of acidity or alkaliity of solution, scale runs from -7 to 7 |
| What is a buffer | helps prevent sudden ph changes |
| Why is hydrogen important in a inorganic compound | contains C, H, O,N,P,S and largly biologically important molecules |
| Why are carbonhydrates important in inorganic compounds | sugers, starches, glycogen, primary function as is energy source |
| What are momosaccharids | simple sugar, a monomer ( individual subunit that is used to amake more molecules) pertose- 5 charbohydrates |
| What are two mopmo sacchorides that are chemically bonded | lactose=glucose and giactose gucrose=glucose and frutose malatose= glucose and glucose |
| What are plysaccharids | many mono. chemical bonded glycogen and starch |
| What are lipids | essential to the structure function of the cell membranes energy stores-non polar substance that does not dissolve in liquds |
| What are triglycerpipdes | TG, simple lipids, glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids, saturated fatty is ony single boded cabrbon unsat-acids have more double bonds |
| What are phospholipds | Type of complex bonds where are fatty acids that have been removed then replaced with a molecule that contains phospate group -- form basis of the phosolips bilayer that forms memberances |
| What are steroids | made from cholesterol, used for hormones cell memberans |
| What are elcoqnoids | make from arachadonic acid, used to make prostagladins |
| What are proteins in lipids | aproximtely 1/2 of cells dry weight used for structure and function |
| What are amino acids | building blocks and monomer for protein, contains both amino and carbohydrate |
| What is a peptide bond | condensational (dehydration) between the carboxyl grp and amino acids of adjucent amiono acids |
| What is a polypeptide | long chains of amino acids bonded together, 4 levels of organization in proteins |
| What are prim sturctures of polypeptides | specific porder that amino acids are arranged that is determined by genes |
| What are secondary structures of polypeptides. | chanins of amino acids are connected to either coli( alpha reflex) or zig ziag patterm |
| What is tertillary sturcture | 3d shape that the finished polypeptide takes |
| What is a quaterary structure | when two or more polypeoptides drawn together to from the finished protein |
| What is denaturation | any alteration in the secodary, teritory, or quaterary stucture |
| What is nucleic acid | made from roboses,DNA, used to carry hereditary information, any marks up genes/chromoses double stranded molecule located in nuceus of a cell |
| Wht is RNA | ribonucleic acid used for protein synthesis, made in the nucleus than transports ot the cytoplasm |
| What is ATP=adenesive trieltosne | primary energe storage molecule in cells ATP <-> ADP + P + E |
| What are the layers of a epithillum | simple- one layer of cells in thickness strafied: two or more layers of cells psendo: stratified- one layer of cells, looks like many layers |
| What are the different types of cell shapes | cqupamous-brouad,fat cubeipdal-cube shaped columnear-tall ranstloal-p looks like stratified cubed, tall tissue |
Created by:
annabreuer