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BIO 110 MIDTERM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Arthropoda | most numerous and abundant on earth, chitin exoskeleton |
| Arthropods synapomorphy | Jointed legs |
| Why Arthropods are so diverse | live in all habitats, and perform metamorphosis which allows them to specialize to the environment, exoskeleton is highly protective |
| Types arthropods | Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea and Hexapoda |
| Crustacea v Hexapoda | Crust: dominant in sea vs Hexa: dominant on land |
| Exoskeleton | the body cannot enlarge so must be replaced ( metamorphosis) |
| ecdysis | molting- process of replacing a old skeleton with a larger one- typically occurs 4-7 times before adulthood |
| Reducing competition | due to various maturing stages and their diversity there is less competition for the same food and environment |
| Deuterostomes | 2nd group of Bilateria includes chordates and Echinodermata |
| Echinodermata | only in ocean, keystone species, |
| Echinodermata Symmetry | in juveniles they have spherical symmetry yet as mature they loose. as adults they have pentaradial symmetry |
| Water vascular system | Echinodermata have, hydraulic network of tubes to feed |
| Echinodermata synapomorphy | water vascular system |
| Phylum Chordata | 3 large sub-phylum's. 5 characteristics |
| 3 sub-phylum's of Chordata | Vertebrates ( Craniata), Tunicata and Cephalochordata |
| 5 characteristics of Chordates | 1. Have a notochord 2. dorsal tubular nerve cord 3. pharyngeal pouches 4.endosytle or thyroid gland 5. postanal tail |
| 1. Notochord | soft tissue, flexible rod that protects the nerve cord ( NOT SPINE), on dorsal side - precursor to vertebral column |
| 2. dorsal tubular nerve cord | nerve cord to stomach, hollow |
| 4. Endostyle v Thyroid gland | The 2 are homologous ( similarity due to ancestral link) small gland that creates mucus- invertebrates, and thyroid is hormones vertebrates. |
| 5. postanal tail | after the creation of a anus their is a tail |
| Vertebrate v Craniate | craniate is more accurate as all of them have skulls. as jawless fish lack a vertebrate. |
| Craniates | have vertebral column, limb girdles, 2 pairs of joined appendages, and a head skeleton- a large variety in skin, hair and etc. |
| Porifera | |
| Cephalization | Process of developing a head- which was advantageous because gave eyes to seek out prey and run from predator |
| Protostomes | Blastopore becomes a mouth first |
| Deuterostomes | Blastopore becomes an anus first |
| Protostomes sub group | Lophotrochozoan and ecdysoza |
| Lophotrochozoan | lophophore: tentacle lined tube for feeding, trophore: specific larva |
| Metamerism | many repeating units, allows complexity, independent movement each segment, complex nervous system |
| hydrostatic skeleton | don't have bones liquid form bones to give flexibility and structure |
| gastropods | asymmetrical bodies, single shell, well developed body, terrestrial |
| Cephalopoda | no shell, marine, big head predators have appendages |
| Bivalvia | 2 shells, meat in middle, no head- filter feeders gets clearer with them in it |
| Ecdyzoa | other type of protostomes- molting an outer covering ( metamorphosis) |
| deuterostomes sub groups | Chordata and Echinodermata |
| Porifera | simple atomical, no symmetry, no tissues , filter feed, marine, |
| Porifera synapomorphy | Choanocyte- specialized cell |
| Cnidaria | marine and freshwater, have tissues, radial symmetry, incomplete gut, predators |
| Cnidaria synapomorphy | Cnidocytes- mouth surrounded by tentacles with sting when touch |
| Annelid | lophotrochozoans, common all habitats, hydrostatic skeleton, septa- water separates the segments, complete gut, longitudinal and circular muscles, well differentiated head |
| Annelid synapomorphy | matermism |
| Mollusca | 3 types, trochophore larva- lophotrochozoan |
| Mollusca synapomorphy | mantle |
| Nematoda | numerous, very important to soil quality- they are everywhere, C.elegan, give heartworm, hookworm and bad crops- they molt - ecdyzoa |
| Tardigrada | everywhere that gets wet, less than 1 mm long, unjointed legs, molts- ecdyzoa and body is unsegmented |
| Super group Opisthkonta | most animals ( chordate, annelid, Mollusca) |
| Super group Archaeplastida | Algae |
| Algae | provides to environment |
| Phylum Rhodophyta | Red algae, no flagella, alternation of generation, |
| Red algae pigments | phycoerythrin- why red, pyocyanin , allophycocyanin |
| Red algae cell wall | cellulous pectin, agar and carrageen |
| Alternation of Generations | Haploid spore undergo mitosis to become Gametophytes, than 2 gametes will fertilize and become a zygote. The zygote undergoes mitosis to become a sporophyte. The sporophyte will eventually undergo meiosis and become separate spores |
| Heteromorphic | The generation/ phase is distinct, the look different- sporophyte looks different |
| Isomorphic | sporophyte looks identical to gametophyte |
| pyropia ( types red algae) | sheet thallus, cultivated in Japan and found coast of pacific and antlatinc coasts |
| Kathleen Drew discovery | that red algae live on bivalves |
| Chondrus ( type red algae) | dense colonies of costal rocks Atlantic,- thickening agents |
| Green Algae | a paraphyletic group- due to land plants not being included |
| phylum Chlorophyta | alternation of generations, whiplash flagella, uni or multi cellular flagella or no flagella- typically colony |
| green algae pigments | chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids |
| green algae cell wall | pectin cellulose |
| class chlorphylee | flagella colony |
| order chloroccrales | non flagella unicells, colonial genera |
| Radial Symmetry | circular, cut in 2 planes through the central axis would be mirrored halves |
| 3 types of mollusca | gastropods, cephalopods and Bivalvia |
| circular muscles functions | allow annelids to bunch together |
| 5 supergroups | 1.Opithokonta 2. Archaeplastida 3.SAR 4. Excavata 5. Amoebozoa |
| Direst lifecycle | the baby and the adult look the same which means more competition |
| Indirect lifecycle | the baby and the adult do not look the same eliminating the competition |
| Bilateral symmetry | from head to tail split in 2 through the sagittal plane |
| flagella | 1-2, water pushes parallel to flagellum axis, propeller |
| longitudinal muscles function | allow annelid to contract and elongate |
| 4 molecules in the extracellular matrix | collagen, integrin, glycoproteins and proteoglycans |
| Life cycle single celled Euk. | Haploid and Diploid cycles- can be dominant in either. Mitosis can occur in both but meiosis can only in haploid |
| choanoflagellates | outgroup, most closely related to humans- not animals |
| spherical symmetry | any plan through centre cuts into mirrored halves |
| isogamy | when gametes are same in size |
| anisogamy | when gametes are different in size |
| oogamy | anisogamy in sperm in egg specifically |
| cilia | many, short water pushes parallel to cell surface |
| autamorphy | a unique trait to a species |
| plesiomorphy | a derived character trait |
| paraphyletic | includes a last common ancestor and some but not all descendants |
| homoplasy | analogous traits |
| monophyletic | last common ancestor and all its descendants |
| genotype | the gene sequence that will correspond to a specific phenotype |
| homologous | traits sharded because of common ancestry |
| phenotype | observed trait from a genotype |
| analogy | a shared trait but not due to common ancestry |
| convergent evolution | distantly related species developed same trait independently |
| parallel evolution | closely related species developed shared trait independently |
| secondary loss | reversion to ancestral condition |
| polyphyletic | crazy town |
| Ulva ( types green algae) | isomorphic alternation of generations- diploid zygote undergoes mitosis to become a Sporophyte, undergoes meiosis to become spores, spores undergo mitosis to become gametophytes than 1 male and 1 female gametophytes fuse to become a zygote |
| Stonewort's/ Cara | class Chlorophyceae, oogmay, egg in a protective covering to prevent from drying out |
| life cycle of cara | haploid sperm released into water, drawn to egg through chemical signals in water. fuse become zygote. Diploid zygote undergoes meiosis and becomes haploid cells,- one of those cells becomes a haploid alga to retain the egg and others become sperm. |
| life cycle cara dominance | haploid |
| Viridiplantae | green plants, cellulous ( cell wall) chlorophyll a and b but lack the pigment for red algae |
| land plants | multicellular, chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids, alternation of generations, single egg cell with unique organ, bryophytes and vascular plants |
| movement to land | prevention of drying( gametes ) ex. water cuticle to retain water, at first resemble green algae, 2 multicellular generations 1 fertilized and the other dispersal |
| bryophytes | small, non vascular, must be near free water, mosses liverworts and hornworts, earliest land plants- high humidity forests and edges fields |
| vascualr plants | 95% species |
| bryophytes spor v gamet | the sporophyte stage grows from gametophyte- gives water and nutrients |
| sporangium | the organ producing meiospores for wind dispersal |
| life cycle moss | sperm release stimulated by rain, sporophyte is retained and sporophyte grows in a place well supported by gametophyte, meiosis of sporphyte produces thousands of haploid spores, spores land anywhere and form new generation |
| oviparous | lays egg |
| viviparous | give birth |
| Karyogamy | nuclear fusion |
| Allles | differences in observations due to different phenotypes |
| closest relative to crocodiles | birds even though doesn't seem like they would be |
| fin whale v fin of shark | analogous |
| bird and bat forearms | homologous |
| apomorphy | a character state different than the ancestral state |
Created by:
Mr. Box