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Exam 1 Review
Anth 101 Review for Exam 1
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| The idea that we should seek to understand another person’s beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their own culture and not our own | Cultural relativism |
| The tendency to view one’s own culture as most important and correct and as the stick by which to measure all other cultures | Ethnocentrism |
| A set of beliefs, practices, and symbols that are learned and shared. Together, they form an all-encompassing, integrated whole that binds people together and shapes their worldview and lifeways | Culture |
| The process of learning the characteristics and expectations of a culture or group | Enculturation |
| An approach to anthropology developed in British anthropology that emphasized the way that parts of a society work together to support the functioning of the whole | Functionalism |
| A type of observation in which the anthropologist observes while participating in the same activities in which her informants are engaged | Participant-observation |
| The in-depth study of the everyday practices and lives of a people | Ethnography |
| Blood ties, common ancestry, and social relationships that form families within human groups | Kinship |
| A group of people who have a general notion of common descent that is not attached to a specific biological ancestor | Clan |
| Descent is recognized through both the father and the mother’s sides of the family | Bilateral descent |
| The smallest group of individuals who see themselves as connected to one another | Family |
| A term describing expectations that individuals must marry outside a particular group | Exogamy |
| A term describing expectations that individuals must marry within a particular group | Endogamy |
| Payments made to the bride’s family by the groom’s family before marriage | Bridewealth |
| Payments made to the groom’s family by the bride’s family before marriage | Dowry |
| The set of behaviors expected of an individual who occupies a particular status | Role |
| Any culturally-designated position a person occupies in a particular setting | Status |
| Marriages in which there is one husband and multiple wives | Polygyny |
| Marriages with one wife and multiple husbands | Polyandry |
| A kinship group created through the maternal line (mothers and their children) | Matrilineal descent |
| A kinship group created through the paternal line (fathers and their children) | Patrilineal descent |
| An early and discredited method of anthropological research that did not involve direct contact with the people studied | Armchair anthropology |
| Anything that serves to refer to something else | Symbol |
| A theory developed by linguist Noam Chomsky suggesting that a basic template for all human languages is embedded in our genes | Universal Grammar |
| Research suggesting that a child will gradually lose the ability to acquire language naturally and without effort if he or she is not exposed to other people speaking a language until past the age of puberty | Critical Age Range hypothesis |
| A system of non-verbal communication using varying combinations of sound, body language, scent, facial expression, and touch, typical of great apes and other primates, as well as humans | Gesture-call system |
| A feature of human speech that they can be isolated from others | Discreteness |
| The relationship between a symbol and its referent (meaning), in which there is no obvious connection between them | Arbitrariness |
| The ability to produce and understand messages that have never been expressed before | Productivity/Creativity |
| The ability to communicate about things that are outside of the here and now | Displacement |
| The basic meaningless sounds of a language | Phonemes |
| The basic meaningful units in a language | Morphemes |
| A unit of meaning that cannot stand alone; it must be attached to another morpheme | Bound morpheme |
| The rules by which a language combines morphemes into larger units | Syntax |
| How meaning is conveyed at the word and phrase level | Semantics |
| An idealized form of speech, usually referred to as the standard variety | Language |
| The idea that the structures and words of a language influence how its speakers think, how they behave, and ultimately the culture itself (also known as the Whorf Hypothesis) | Linguistic Relativity |
| A style of speech that varies depending on who is speaking to whom and in what context | Register |
| Using two or more language varieties in a particular interaction | Code-switching |
| A variety of speech. The term is often applied to a subordinate variety of a language. Speakers of two dialects of the same language do not necessarily always understand each other | Dialect |
| The total extinction of a language | Language death |
| Anthropological research designed to gain an in-depth, contextualized understanding of human behavior | Qualitative |
| Anthropological research that uses statistical, mathematical, and/or numerical data to study human behavior | Quantitative |
| A description of the studied culture from the perspective of a member of the culture or insider | Emic |
| A description of the studied culture from the perspective of an observer or outsider | Etic |
| A term coined by anthropologist Clifford Geertz to describe a detailed description of the studied group that not only explains the behavior or cultural event in question but also the context in which it occurs and anthropological interpretations of it | Thick description |
| Taking a broad view of the historical, environmental, and cultural foundations of behavior | Holism |
| A discredited theory popular in nineteenth century anthropology suggesting that societies evolved through stages from simple to advanced | Cultural evolutionism |
Created by:
ilomeli