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Bio 2253 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alfred Wallace | came up with natural selection at the same time as darwiener |
| Plato and aristotle | typological thinking. Species are unchanging types, variations unimportant |
| Great Chain of Being | Aristotle listed and organized animals , linear scheme, humans on top(Scala Naturae) |
| Creationist view | species were created how they are now |
| what challeneged creationist view? | fossils, chinese history going back longer, primates in africa/asia, idea that humans werent civilized from the beginning broken by seeing "uncivilized populations" |
| Charles Lyell | Popularized idea that world is shaped gradually. "Uniformitarianism" Extinction yes, but evolution no |
| Major Changes by 1800s | apes lowk look like us species and human variation around world recognition of extinction via fossils |
| Jean Baptiste Lamarck, Lamarckian evolution | giraffe stretching neck would make offspring have longer necks. "change in environment brings about change in needs/form" |
| HMS Beagle Important experiences | sees raised coastline after chile earthquake sees marine fossils in andes mountains |
| four postulates of natural selection | 1. variation 2. inheritance. 3 tendency toward population growth 4 increase fitness |
| adaptation | any heritable trait that increases fitness in a particular environment |
| fitness | the ability of an individual to produce viable offspring relative to other individuals of the same species. |
| why was Darwin’s and Wallace’s theory of evolution revolutionary | overturned idea that species are static, typological thinking, proposed a mechanism, |
| conditions of natural selectrion | mutation is random only heritable variability leads to evol |
| directional selection | the mean shifts, ex galapagis finches |
| Stabilizing selection | reduced variation, does not change the mean. ex tiny and big ass babies die more |
| disruptive selection | increase variation, could lead to speciation |
| balancing selection | no single phenotype is favored |
| organisms not related evolve similar traits because of similar environments | convergent evolution |
| mullerian mimicry | where two or more harmful species resemble each other |
| batesian mimicry | here a harmless species has evolved to mimic a harmful species |
| paraphyletic | includes common ancestor but missing some descendants, ex fish |
| polyphyletic | discludes common ancestor and many relatives |
| plesiomorphy | Ancestral trait (present in the ancestor) |
| apomorphy | derived trait (present only in descendants) |
| synapomorphy | A derived character state shared by an ancestor and its descendants |
| symplesiomorphy | not helpful everyone has it |
| homoplasy | from convergent evolution |
| homology | from shared ancestry |
| exaptation | natural selection co-opts a trait for a new function |
| evolutionary reversal | fish in caves lose eyes |
| secondary sexual characteristics | dimorphisms between the sexes that are not directly related to reproduction |
| sexual dimorphism | any physical difference between males and females of the same species |
| Sexual selection | animals evolved extravagant characteristics, colors and displays – traits that do not appear to be adaptive in the context of natural selection – to better obtain mates and increase reproductive success |
| parental investment | Whatever a parent does to increase the probability that an existing offspring will survive to reproduce at the cost of the parent’s ability to generate additional offsprin |
| male vs female parental investment | related to different levels. of investment in eggs and sperm. this leads to FEMALE CHOICE |
| bateman's principle | In most species, variance in reproductive success is greater in males than in females |
| good gene hypothesis | displays of secondary sexual characteristics mean energy available to invest in sexual dimorphism, suggesting "good genes" and succes in other evol traits |
| parthenogenic species | all are female |
| why sex | Sexual popula1ons yield fi?er individuals than asexual popula1ons. |
| genetic drift (neutral evol) | darwin didnt know abt this allele frequencies drift randomly over time |
| founder event | a group starts a new population, less gen variation |
| gene flow | individuals leave a population and join another and breed |
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