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Psychology 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Empirical Approach | A method of gaining knowledge through direct observation and testing, rather than just using logic or guessing |
| Critical Thinking | Thinking that evaluates evidence and questions assumptions instead of just blindly accepting arguments |
| Structuralism Definition | Used self-reflection (introspection) to break down the mind into its most basic parts |
| What is Structuralism | An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener |
| Functionalism Definition | How mental and behavioral processes function --> How they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish |
| What is Functionalism | An early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin |
| Behaviorism | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologist agree with 1 not 2 |
| Humanistic Psychology | A psychological perspective that emphasizes free will, personal growth, and the inherent goodness of human nature, focusing on how healthy people strive to reach their full potential |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Measured difference between consciousness and unconsciousness Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany |
| Edward Titchener | Used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements |
| William James and Mary Calkins | James was a legendary teacher/writer who authored an important 1890 psychology text Mentored Calkins who became a memory researcher and became the first female president of the APA |
| Margaret Washburn | First woman to recieve a psychology PhD synthesized animal behavior research |
| John Watson and Rosalie Rayner | Working with Rayner, Watson championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior In a controversial study on a baby who became famous as 'Little Albert' they showed fear could be learned |
| B.F. Skinner | Behaviorist Rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior |
| Sigmund Freud | Founded the study of the unconscious mind and childhood trauma --> Psychoanalysis Unconscious Mind: Hidden, repressed impulses that dictate behavior |
| Charles Darwin | • Evolutionary Psychology: Inspired the perspective that behavior adapts over generations for survival. • Natural Selection: Traits that aid survival and reproduction are passed down |
| Cognitive Psychology | The study of mental processes that occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problem |
| Cognitive Neuroscience | The study of brain activity (structure and biology) linked with cognition (thinking, memory, perception). |
| Psychology | The science of behavior and mental processes |
| Nature-nurture Issue | The long-standing controversy over whether biology/genes (nature) or environment/experience (nurture) impact our traits and behaviors more |
| Natural Selection | • Survival of the Fittest: Inherited traits that help an organism survive and reproduce are more likely to be passed on • Evolutionary Basis: Shapes behaviors and physical traits over generations to fit the environment. |
| Evolutionary Psychology | The study of how behavior and the mind evolved using principles of natural selection |
| Behavior Genetics | The study of the relative power and limits of genetic (hereditary) and environmental influences on behavior |
| Culture | The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted to the next |
| Positive Psychology | The scientific study of human functioning with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths that allow individuals and communities to thrive |
| Levels of Analysis | The complementary outlook that integrates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints to analyze any given behavior |
| Biopsychosocial Approach | An integrated approach that incorporate biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis |
| Basic Research | Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
| Applied Research | Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
| Counseling Psychology | A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
| Psychiatry | A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders Practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy |
| Community Psychology | A branch of psychology that study how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups |
| Testing Effect | Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading information |
| SQ3R | A study method with 5 steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, review |
| Theory | An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
| Hypothesis | A testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
| Operational | A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study |
| Replication | Repeatingt he essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings can be reproduced |
| Preregistration | Publicly communicating planned study designs, hypothesis, data collection, and analysis |
| Meta-Analysis | A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion |
| Case Study | A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
| Naturalistic Observation | A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
| Survey | A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative |
| Random Sample | A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
| Population | All those in a group being studied from which random samples can be drawn |
| Correlation | A measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other |
| Correlation Coefficient | A statistical index of the relationship between two things (-1 to 1) |
| Variable | Anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure |
| Scatterplot | A graph cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of 2 variable. Amount of scatter suggests the strength of correlation. Little scatter = high correlation |
| Illusionary Correlation | Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship |
| Regression Toward The Mean | The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average |
| Experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (IV's) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (DV's) |
| Experimental Group | In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment |
| Control Group | In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment Serve as a comparison for evaluating the effect of a treatment |
| Random Assignment | Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between groups |
| Double-Blind Procedure | An experimental procedure where the participants and researcher don't know whether the participants have recieved the placebo Used in drug-evaluation studies |
| Confounding Variable | In an experiment, the outcome that's measured The variable that may change when the IV is manipulated |
Created by:
Mehak P