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Ethics Exam 1
Values, theories and principles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ethics is a systematic approach to | understanding, analyzing and distinguishing matters of right vs wrong, good vs bad, admirable vs dishonorable |
| ethics is related to | well being and relationships |
| right vs wrong refers to | actions |
| good vs bad refers to | consequences/results |
| admirable vs dishonorable refers to | people |
| why are ethical problems called dilemmas | Difficult problem seemingly incapable of satisfactory solution Choice between equally unsatisfactory alternatives Involve conflicting moral claims |
| value refers to | one’s evaluative judgments about what one believes is good or makes something desirable What someone considers as worthwhile, useful, important, etc |
| does desirable mean desired? | no, desirable is essentially what you should want while desire is what you want like a drug addict wants drugs |
| value judgement | A judgment that assigns a value to an action |
| Personal values = | beliefs that you personally think are important and that guide your everyday decisions and behavior - like honesty, family etc |
| Professional values = | beliefs and standards that guide how you should act in your professional role - autonomy, beneficence etc |
| justification | ethical justifications based upon theory or principle give reasons for what makes right or wrong |
| communal opinion | survey to see what people think are right and wrong |
| justification questions | “What kind of acts are right? “What makes right acts right? |
| Ethical Theories and Approaches | Deontology Utilitarianism Virtues-based approach Care-based approach Casuistry approach Principlism |
| Deontology is the study of | duty |
| Deontology | Normative theory regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or permitted Focused on duties and rules to distinguish right from wrong |
| Deontology does not | weigh the consequences or cost/benefit |
| Utilitarianism promotes | the greatest good and to produce the least amount of harm possible in a situation |
| Utilitarianism, ask yourself | “What would bring about the best consequences?” |
| Utilitarianism says acts are | right or wrong depending on consequences they produce |
| would you rather kill 1 person or 5 people | Utilitarianism |
| Virtue Ethics focuses on | the character of the person making the decision, rather than just the rules or outcome |
| Virtue Ethics asks | “What would a good “nurse” (clinician, teacher, physician, etc.) do in this circumstance?” “What sort of person must I be to be an excellent person” |
| virtues | Fidelity Veracity Loyalty Non-abandonment Confidentiality Clinical Competence |
| Confidentiality is not | absolute |
| Fidelity = | keeping your promises and being loyal/faithful to your commitments |
| Veracity = | telling the truth |
| Loyalty = | remaining committed and supportive of someone or something |
| Non-abandonment = | not leaving a patient without appropriate care or assistance |
| Confidentiality | keeping a patient's private information protected |
| Clinical competence = | having the knowledge, skills, judgment, and ability needed to provide safe and effective patient care |
| difference between virtue ethics, deontology, utilitarianism | virtue ethics focuses on character utilitarianism focuses on outcome/consequences deontology focuses on rules/duties |
| Care-Based Approach asks | "What would I want done for myself…or family member in a similar circumstance?” |
| Care-Based Approach relies on | Compassion Sympathy Concern for well-being |
| Casuistry Approach involves | analyzing a moral dilemma or case by comparing it to other well-known and ethically scrutinized scenarios, so-called ‘paradigm cases’ |
| Paradigm cases serve as | ethical guideposts in a sense, similar to precedent cases in the law and classic clinical case presentations |
| Principlism | Rule-based reasoning, approaches a dilemma by asking: “What is the highest principle (rule) that should be followed?” “What is the one principle that should never be violated?” |
| Ethical Principles: Belmont Report (1978) | Respect for person Beneficence Justice |
| Ethical Principles: Principles of Biomedical Ethics (1979) | Autonomy Beneficence Nonmaleficence Justice |
| Autonomy | Respect for persons as unique individuals Self determination Freedom of choice Individual liberty We must accept free and informed decisions |
| informed consent | is respecting a person’s autonomy to make personal choices based on the appropriate appraisal of information about the actual or potential circumstances of a situation |
| Beneficence aka | "do good" |
| Beneficence are actions to | benefit and promote the welfare of other people |
| Beneficence actions | Promoting good and preventing harm Protect and defend the rights of others Prevent harm from occurring to others Remove conditions that will cause harm to others Help persons with disabilities Rescue persons in danger |
| Nonmaleficence | “One ought not to inflict evil or harm” |
| Nonmaleficence is a rule of double effects | A single act can have two foreseen effects. To be justified: good effects must be intended and harmful effects must not be pursued |
| comparing Beneficence and Nonmaleficence | Beneficence: Actions that promote the well-being, balancing the benefits of treatment against the risks and costs involved Nonmaleficence: Intention to avoid needless harm or injury, harm should not be disproportionate to the benefit of the treatment |
| Justice | Consideration of fair distribution of burdens and benefits, or consideration of what is due or owed others |
| justice means | Fair/equitable treatment |
| Distributive justice = | fairly distributing benefits, risks, resources, and burdens among people. |
| scarcity and competition | Scarcity = there are not enough resources to meet everyone's needs Competition = people or groups may have to compete for limited resources |
| individual vs society | an ethical conflict between an individual person's rights/wishes and what benefits or protects society as a whole |
| individual | Focuses on the person's autonomy, rights, privacy, and personal choices |
| society | Focuses on public safety, public health, and the well-being of the larger community |
| issues with Principlism | Principles can conflict No clear hierarchy Can be too broad Different interpretations Cultural differences May overlook relationships and context |
| Topic Approach to Ethical Decision Making | Topics for nurses to take into account in assessing the ethical aspects of every clinical decision Medical indications? Patient preferences? Quality of life? Contextual features of the case? |
| Medical Indications: Based on Beneficence and Non-maleficence | What is the patient’s medical problem? What are the treatment goals? In what circumstances are medical treatment not indicated? What is the success rate of the treatment options? |
| Patient Preference: Based on Autonomy | Has informed consent occurred? Is the patient mentally capable and legally competent? If incapacitated, has the patient expressed treatment desires? Is the patient unwilling to “cooperate” with the treatment? If so, why? |
| Quality of Life: Based on Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Autonomy | Prospects for returning to normal life if treatment succeeds Biases that prejudice providers evaluation of QoL Forgoing life-sustaining treatment: plans and rationale Legal and ethical status of suicide |
| Contextual Fairness: Based on Justice | Conflicts of interest Allocation of scare health resources Religious/cultural/legal issues Clinical research and education Public health and safety |
Created by:
leh195