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Nursing 1111 Wk5
Sm Animal Nursing/Basic TX procedures
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| Veterinary Technician Practice Model | 1. Gather data → 2. ID & Prioritize Pt Evaluations → 3. Develop Plan of Care, Implement Interventions → Evaluate Pt Response → 5. Add Data | |
| Scope of Practice, only Vets can do the following | Prescribe Diagnose Prognose Attest to the health status of the animal Perform Surgery | |
| 1. What are the “Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare” set forth by the Farm Animal Welfare Council of the UK? | 1. Freedom from hunger and thirst 2. Freedom from discomfort 3. Freedom from pain, injury, or disease 4. Freedom to express normal behavior 5. Freedom from fear and distress | Sixth proposed Freedom 6. Freedom to die a good death |
| How would you provide care for each of these of these Five Freedoms? | Provide: 1. f/w for full health 2. appropriate & comfortable enviro, shelter, rest area 3. Preventative medicine, rapid dx & tx 4. Sufficient space, facilities, and company of own kind 5. Ensure conditions/treatment that avoid mental suffering | |
| 2. What are the 5 tasks that, by law, only veterinarians are allowed to do? | Prescribe Diagnose Prognose Attest to the health status of the animal Perform Surgery | |
| 4. What are the 5 steps described in the Veterinary Technician Practice Model? | Assess, Plan, Implement, Evaluate, Add data | |
| Gather Data | Step 1: Assessment ie. gather date to make an assessment | Includes subjective and objective info |
| ID and Prioritize Patient Evaluations | Step 2: Planning identify and prioritize evaluations ie. "make a plan" | |
| Develop Plan of Care & Implement Interventions | Step 3: Implementation ie. implement/act on the plan of interventions | |
| Evaluate Patient Response | Step 4: Evaluation ie. evaluate how pt responds to interventions | |
| Add Data | Step 5: Not in textbook Add data back to record after plan has been implemented with goal for pt well being | |
| 5. What is included in Subjective data? | Level of consciousness, general demeanor, or pain. | Can be based on opinion or interpretation Art of nursing |
| 6. What is included in Objective data? | blood pressure, heart rate, body temp body weight, lab results | Measurable and factual Application of clinical skill Science of nursing |
| 7. Understand the categories and their priorities of the VT Practice Model. | ||
| 8. What components make up “basic patient monitoring? | TPR, Auscultation, blood pressure CRT, MM Skin Turgor/hydration Body wt Mentation, pain and anxiety Appetite ins/outs (urine, stool, vt) | |
| 9. What is included in “basic patient care”? | Ensuring pt can breathe Access to food & water Litterbox or walks outside Adequate, comfortable, clean housing | Pt hygiene - grooming, bathing, clipping Exercise for mobile pts Provide for pt safety Provide relief from pain/discomfort |
| Anorexia | Definition: Complete or partial loss of appetite | Technician Intervention: Admin appetite stims, antiemetics, or antacids; encourage voluntary eating with novel, smelly, & warmed foods; assisted feeding options (syringe, orogastric tubes); avoid food aversions; monitor caloric intake Basic pt monitorin |
| Dehydration | Definition: Loss of total body water | Technician Intervention Admin RXd fluid therapy (IV, SQ, IO). Monitor fluid intake vs output Monitor for signs of fluid overload: lung crackles, new ♥m, edema, ↑BW, nasal d/c, ↑central venous pressure, tx/prevent electrolyte imbalance |
| Hyperthermia | Definition: Elevated body temperature | Technician Intervention: Cool room; icepacks in pits and groin; alcohol to footpads; cool water bath; IVF; prevent 2° dehydration (IVF) from panting; admin antipyretics or other stabilization meds Basic patient monitoring |
| Hypothermia | Definition: Decreased body temperature | Technician Intervention: Heat support; warmed IVF; Supplementary O2 to counteract decreased/shallow breaths; Warm slowly to prevent peripheral vasodilation, rewarming shock, dermal burns Basic patient monitoring |
| Pain | Definition: Unpleasant sensation | Technician Intervention: Admin analgesics; monitor for breakthrough pain Monitor for adverse rxns to analgesics: v/d, melena, ↓RR, constipation, agitation in cats PT for chronic pain, edu for clients basic pt monitoring Comfortable environment |
| Hypoxia | Definition: Inadequate Oxygenation | Technician Intervention: O2 supplementation; basic pt monitoring; Monitor O2 w/ pulseox and arterial blood gas analysis |
| Vomiting | Definition: Forceful expulsion of contents from the stomach and/or intestines | Tech Intervention: Iso if contagion Admin meds; limited fasting; nutritional support/ dietary therapy = sm/freq meals, bland food; ↓strong smells that trigger nausea/vt; tx/prevent dehydration; tx electrolyte imbalance; tx anorexia basic pt monitoring |
| Diarrhea | Definition: Frequent passage of loose, unformed stool | Technician Intervention: Iso if contagion; admin meds; prevent/tx dehydration; hygiene=clip matted fur and clean & dry perineal area; nutritional support/dietary therapy = sm/freq meals, bland food Basic pt monitoring |
| Constipation | Definition: Infrequent and often difficult passage of hard stool | Technician Intervention: Ensure adequate hydration (IVF) Administer enema/s Basic pt monitoring Treat anorexia Feed high-fiber or low residue food |
| Parenteral Routes for Drug administration via injection | Intramuscular - IM Subcutaneous - SQ/SC Intravenous - IM Intradermal | IM = 90° SQ - 45° IV = 25° Intradermal = 10-15° |
| Intramuscular Injection Sites | triceps muscle, quadriceps group, dorsal lumbar muscles (epaxials) and the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles (hamstrings) | |
| Veins used for IVC placement & Venipuncture | Rt and Lt Cephalic veins Rt and Lt lateral saphenous veins Rt and Lt medial saphenous veins External Jugular vein | |
| 1. What are the 6 R’s of drug administration? | Right patient Right drug Right dose Right route Right time (frequency) Right documentation | |
| 2. Which route of administration provides the fastest route to the bloodstream? | Intravenous (IV) - requires no absorption time | |
| 3. Which route of administration results in faster action? SQ or IM? Why? | IM is faster than SQ due to more blood flow to the area | |
| 4. Know the characteristics of the routes of administration. | ||
| 5. What should technicians be aware of when performing or assisting with procedures? | Reason for procedure Equipment needed Correct technique Potential complications Postprocedural nursing care | |
| 6. Why should the skin be properly prepared prior to inserting a needled into the skin? | Microbes/contaminants present on skin surface may be introduced into underlying tissue when needle is inserted | |
| 7. The route used to administer medications, including fluids, depends on what factors? | Pt's condition and temperament; Type of med or fluid; Urgency involved in admin of fluids/meds; Cost; Ease of administration; Whether systemic or local effect desired Not Mine: Ability to reach site in the appropriate concentration, need for bioavailabil | |
| 8. List the different routes used to administer medications to a patient. | Oral, Oro/Naso-gastric Intubation Transdermal Topical: Ophthalmic, Aural Intrarectal, Intranasal, Intradermal SC/SQ, IM, IV, IO (Intraosseous) Intratracheal,Intraperitoneal | |
| 9. What is meant by “enteral route” of drug administration? | Within, by way of, or pertaining to the intestine Any method where med is delivered thru GI tract By mouth, sublingual, buccal, various feeding tubes, and rectal | |
| 10. Describe how you would administer oral liquids to a patient. | Place syringe between cheek and gums and inject small amounts at a time into pocket w/ mouth closed. Encourage swallowing but do not tilt head back to avoid aspiration | |
| 11. List some things that you can do after administering a medication orally to help the patient swallow the medication. | Place pill at base of tongue far back to pharynx. Stroke the throat, rub chin, tap nose, blow air into nostrils. Licks = swallows | |
| 12. Why should you always administer a small amount of liquid, such as water, chicken broth, or tuna juice, after you have given an oral tablet / capsule? | Some meds (Doxycycline) take longer to travel esophagus and prolonged contact can cause irritation and esophageal strictures | |
| 13. What is meant by “parenteral route” of drug administration? | Any method med does not pass thru GI tract Not through the alimentary canal (digestive tract) e.g. by SQ, IM, intrasternal or IV | |
| 14. What is meant by “transdermal administration”? | When medication is applied topically to the skin to have systemic and/or local effects | |
| 15. Why should you wear gloves when applying any type of topical medications? | Some medications can be absorbed transdermally by administrator | |
| 16. When might you use the intrarectal route to administer medications? | When vein is not accessible During a seizure For an enema | |
| 17. List the different medications that are commonly administered via the subcutaneous route. | Vaccines Isotonic fluids Some antibiotics | |
| 18. What are the pros and cons of administering medications via the SQ route? | PROS Ease of administration Relatively rapid absorption rates Moderate volumes can be administered Multiple meds can be administered Fluid supplementation for pts at home | CONS Delayed absorption in obese animals Not rec'd in sevely dehydrated or criticallly ill pts IV and IO faster with more volume Injection site masses/tumors, abscesses Fibrosis from repeated injections |
| 19. When performing SQ administration, why should you retract the plunger slightly? | To check for blood in case the needle has been inserted into a blood vessel | |
| 20. Describe IV route for administration of some medications and the benefits. | Directly into a vein/blood stream Usually via IV catheter but can be "off the needle" | Drugs/fluids that must rapidly reach high blood levels, ie no absorption time/rapid onset (100% bioavailability) Meds might be irritating to other tissue Insufficiently absorbed by other routes |
| 21. What types of medications are often administered via the IV route? | Drugs that need rapid onset Anesthetics Chemotherapy Anticonvulsants Drugs used in CPR | |
| 22. Why would an IV catheter be placed? | To establish temporary venous access required to administer medications, fluids, electrolyte replacement therapy, blood transfusion | |
| 23. List the 4 general types of IV catheters and know what they are commonly used for, and the pros and cons of each | Winged needle (Butterfly) Over-the-needle (OTN) Through-the-needle (TTN) Multilumen | |
| Winged Needle (Butterfly) Catheter | Pros Short term Used in animals that are not moving a lot | Cons Possible puncturing of the vessel wall |
| Over-the-needle (OTN) Catheter | Pros Most common IVC Used primarily for peripheral vein catheterization | Cons |
| Through-the-needle (TTN) Catheter | Used primarily in the jugular vein Pros | Cons Bulkiness due to the needle guard |
| Multilumen Catheter | Pros Allows for simultaneous infusions at a single catheter site | Cons More expensive |
| 24. What are the common peripheral sites used for placement of an IV catheter in dogs and cats? | Rt and Lt Cephalic veins Rt and Lt lateral saphenous veins Rt and Lt medial saphenous veins ( considered peripheral? Jugular vein) | |
| 25. What supplies do you need in order to place an IV catheter? | Clippers, scrub, IVC tape, cap or tport heparinized saline flush gauze pad/roll gauze/bandage material | |
| 26. How would you prepare a site for placement of and IV catheter? Why is this preparation important? | Shave area Surgical preparation with aseptic scrub and solution | To prevent indwelling catheter-related infection |
| 27. List the things important for IV catheter maintenance. | Performed q48 hours or PRN Remove dressing for inspection Inspect for signs of phlebitis, infection, thrombosis Flush w/ hep/saline observe for leaking at insertion site & pain upon injection Clean w/ iodophor or chlorhex When Dry/sterile rebandage | |
| Anorexia | Complete or partial loss of appetite | |
| Azotemia | Definition Serum elevations of the protein metabolites: creatinine and BUN | |
| Barrier technician | A specialized animal care or veterinary technician who works inside a biosecure "barrier facility" or specific-pathogen-free (SPF) laboratory environment to protect vulnerable animal populations from external diseases, pathogens, and contamination | |
| Cachexia | muscle wasting and loss of the body’s fat stores in spite of the patient consuming appropriate amounts of food. | |
| Dyspnea | Increased respiratory effort Labored or difficult breathing; primarily an indication of inadequate ventilation or of insufficient amounts of oxygen in the circulating blood | |
| Etiology | -The science dealing with causes of disease. Common usage is the causes of disease -ex. infection or injury -study of causation or origination of disease ex. etiologic agent or cause of heartworm dz is D. immitis | |
| Hematemesis | Vomiting fresh or digested blood | |
| Hematochezia | Presence of frank blood in feces. Can be seen w/ diarrhea or streaks on outside of formed stool | Indicates problem with colon or rectum |
| Hemoptysis | Coughing and spitting of blood as a result of bleeding from any part of the respiratory tract -Coughing up of blood, can be seen in HW dz & CHF - clients confuse with vt blood | Sputum is bright frothy red Since usually swallowed do not confuse with hematemesis |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | When the brain is exposed to GI toxins, such as ammonia as a consequence of decreased liver function or portosystemic shunts | Signs include altered mentation, head pressing, hypersalivation, circling, ataxia, seizures, blindness, behavior changes, lethargy, and coma |
| Hypoxemia | Decreased Oxygen in the blood A decrease in the partial pressure of Oxygen in arterial blood as measured by arterial blood gas analysis | Leads to hypoxia |
| Hypoxia | Deficient oxygenation of tissues Diminished availability of oxygen to the body tissues | |
| Melena | The presence of digested blood in feces. Characteristically tarry, black color | Upper GI bleeding as in Endoparasites, ulcerations, neoplasms, or coagulopathies |
| Orthopnea | The inability to breath except in the upright position | Dogs stand with necks extended w/ elbows abducted Cats perfer sternal recumbency |
| Pathogenesis | The mechanism of development of a disease. Can be acute or chronic and leads gross and/or microscopic lesions. | Examples of common pathologic mechanisms include: inflammation cell injury (infectious, toxic, &physical) cell growth abnormalities (neoplasia, hypertrophy, hyperplasia) metabolic disturbances immune system dysfuntions |
| Pleural effusion | fluid build up in the pleural space Accumulation of fluid in the space btwn the membrane encasing the lung and that lining the thoracic cavity. Normal is sm amt of fluid to prevent friction as lung expands and deflates | |
| Polydipsia | Increased water intake Excessive thirst manifested by excessive water intake | |
| Polyuria | Increased urine volume Formation and excretion of a large volume of urine which may be physiologic, pharmocologic, or pathologic | |
| Regurgitation | The passive expulsion of material from the mouth, pharynx, or esophagus. Nausea and abdominal contractions are not usually seen. | Pts can have difficulty eating hypersalivation gagging Typically consists of undigested or partially digested food |
| Stertor | A loud snoring or snorting sound | |
| Stridor | A high pitched inspiratory wheeze | |
| Technician assessment | ||
| Tenesmus | Painful straining at urination or defecation. Thorough PE and HX to determine which is involved. | |
| Zoonoses | Infectious diseases that are transmitted directly from animals to humans (e.g., rabies virus) |
Created by:
shawamber