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Week 3
SCIE 403
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A severe misalignment of AI in mathematics | Signed by 25 winners of Fields Medal. Goal of mathematics is not to solve problems but to advance the conceptual understanding of insight of people who practiced it. Human culture of math is endangered by AI-generated proofs |
| What was said about AI in math? | Mathematical community of functions is a mini version of humanity, variety of approaches joined by core values. AI and math communities are misaligned. True/False statements could destroy fertile ground instead of getting new ideas |
| Modernity | Focus on human progress. Evaluation of the new |
| Deduction | Knowledge preserving. Derived logically from existing axioms or laws. Using existing rules to prove something |
| Verification includes | Logical positivism and empiricism. They are verified by evidence, logically true by definition, stated clearly. Unification of science possible through empiricism. Will lead to human progress. Science become "best" knowledge, what we rely on. |
| Deduction example | Sugar is sweet, mangos have sugar, therefore mangos are sweet |
| Verification example | If every swan you have seen is white, then all swans are white (empiricism). Using visual observations to make a logical conclusion is logical positivism-evidence supports it. |
| Falsification | Popper's critical rationalism. Can't be falsified by evidence. You should always try to prove something wrong. Things are true until they are falsified. Science doesn't give absolute truth. Science needs to be falsifiable. Foundation for open society. |
| Popper | Falsification/rationalism. Gave rise to hypothetical deductive method. |
| Alternative view: Science is social | All knowledge is situated in social contexts. Science actively constructs ideas about and relations to the natural world. Science and technology are intertwined. The product and processes of science can have unintended consequences for society. |
| Alternative view, situated in social constructs | Many approaches, theory-laden, value laden (science is not neutral) |
| Underdetermination | Evidence is insufficient to lead a scientist to accept or reject a theory. Different types of underdetermination. Precursor: Descartes' skeptism: all sensory experiences would be the same if caused by Evil Demon or external world of objects |
| Underdetermination example | Violent video games lead to violent children. Can have lots of different theories, might have to do with the children themselves, could be that children see it and then enjoy the video game because they are already violent. |
| Pierre Duhem (1861-1916) | French theoretical physicist and philosopher of science. Holistic underdetermination. When prediction is falsified by evidence, we don't know whether the fault lies with the hypothesis or beliefs around it. No experiment shows which belief should go. |
| Pierre Duhem additional notes | Applied underdetermination only to theoretical physics. He wrote The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. Culture and web of beliefs |
| Willard Van Orman Quine (1908-2000) | "Two dogmas of empiricism". Underdetermination applies to all scientific knowledge. There are no beliefs that are immune to revision by experience. Revisions to beliefs typically minimal. Can't easily separate knowledge and culture |
| Web of beliefs | If theories are underdetermined by evidence, then what else besides evidence is involved in selecting 'correct' scientific explanation? Web of beliefs is the scientific explanation |
| Ludwig Fleck/ Thomas Kuhn/ Ian Hacking/ Michael Polayni | Successful theories informed by though collectives, paradigms, styles of reasoning, tacit knowledge (cultural dimensions that change over time) |
| Sociology of Knowledge/ Feminist Science | Science shaped by career interests, political affiliations, gender/racial biases, power hierarchies. |
| Ludwig Fleck (1896-1961) | Polish-Jewish microbiologist. Scientific knowledge influenced by accepted norms in a community. To become fact, research must be accepted by a thought community of peers who share similar thought styles. |
| Ludwig Fleck continued | internal and external forces that shape science cannot be separated. All observations are theory laden, informed by culture/history. Science is social, shaped by language, technology, and shared assumptions |
| Ludwig Fleck super details | Facts are collectively produced through prism of thought-collective and shared practices/techniques. It is not possible to separate 'fact' from the instruments, techniques and values used to produce these facts |
| Syphilis | Sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria. Untreated can damage brain and nervous system. |
| Wasserman reaction to syphilis | first blood test for syphilis created in 1906. At the time, bacteria could not be cultivated in test tube so necessary to develop indirect testing. Wasserman reaction was unreliable: required development of skill to get +. |
| To have the Wasserman reaction skill meant | being part of 'thought collective' that gets scientists to see and experience the world in a particular way. |
| Who introduced 'paradigm shift' | Thomas Kuhn (Two favourite artists combined but their names were SHIFTED) |
| Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996) | Challenged linear progress. Science proceeds by discontinuities. Normal science and revolutionary phases. Paradigms-eras defined by normal scientific investigations. Competing paradigms incommensurable, no objective way to assess merit |
| Normal Science | puzzle solving, problems with solutions. Learn theory, go to lab, test it. |
| Revolutionary science | Anomalies add up. Too many "odd ones out". Driven by young people |
| Paradigms and Thomas Kuhn | You can't compare paradigms. They are so different and not measurable by the same standard. Apples vs. oranges. |
| Ian Hacking (1936-2023) | Canadian philosopher. Reason has a history, different ways of reasoning over time. 1. Algorithmic 2. Postulation 3. Statistical 4. Laboratory 5. Historico-genetic 6. Taxonomic style. Logical positivism or verification was good. |
| Algorithmic style | Ancient Greeks, step by step rules |
| Postulation style | Greek geometry, proof by deduction |
| Statistical style | 17th century. Population, probabilities. Concept of probability absent before Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) |
| Laboratory style | Experiment and measurement |
| Taxonomic style | Carl Linnaeus |
| Michael Polyani (1891-1976) | Hugarian-British Chemist, economist and philosopher. Didn't agree with positivism. Science flourishes when scientists have liberty to pursue truth. Free society cannot be value-neutral. All knowledge relies on personal values. |
| Michael Polyani continuded | All knowledge relies on personal values-transmitted 'tacitly'-we believe more than we know and know more than we can say. He came up with tacit knowledge. Scientific values should be different from societal values. |
| Michael Polyani was on list of | Nazi 'special search unit' and would have been arrested had Nazi's been successful in invasion of UK |
| Mid 20th Century | New types of science 'Post-modern' science |
| Derek J. de Solla Price (1922-1983) | Physicist/mathematician/historian. Little science, big science. |
| Big science | is community and government based instead of individuals doing science |
| Big science examples | Manhatten Project, Large Hadron Collider, Human Genome Project |
| Radical science | effects scientific research has on society (the bomb for example). Halt dangerous scientific activities. People concerned about big science |
| Radical science examples | Einstein's Notice to the world. Pugwash conferences on science and world affairs. science for the people |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | 13 Fateful days in October 1962. Closest the world has come to full nuclear war. US John F. Kennedy and USSR Nikita Krushchev. Announced as crisis by US politicians. Captured world's attention |
| Feminist science | Scientists slow to study women's lives, experience, and bodies. Women face 2 types of equity challenges: limits to participation, relative lack of scientific attention |
| Feminist science continued | Science affected by sexist and heteronormative biases in ways that fail to meet standards of good science. Need to recognize social contexts of science. Much divergence in feminist philosophy and science: liberal, radical, socialist |
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