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Pharm Basics Vocab
Vocab for Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Drug Monographs | "Cards" that contain essential information on drugs, such as indications, route of administration, frequency of dosage, and more. |
| Division Orientation | (ordered dose / dispensed dose) x quantity |
| Multiplication Orientation | (ordered dose x quantity) / dispensed dose |
| Simplification Orientation | ordered dose x (quantity / dispensed dose) |
| Division Orientation | (ordered dose / dispensed dose) x quantity |
| Multiplication Orientation | (ordered dose x quantity) / dispensed dose |
| Simplification Orientation | ordered dose x (quantity / dispensed dose) |
| Dimensional Analysis | Cancelling out all measurement units other than the unit the dose is measured in. |
| Drop Rate Equation | (volume x drop factor) / (duration x min/hr or 60) = drops/min |
| Drop Rate Denominators | Gravity drip kits come in standard drop rates, so an equation was made to skip a step in the calculation process. |
| Trade Name | The commercial name a company gives to medications they developed |
| Generic Name | The official name of a medication that a manufacturer gives it. |
| Prescription Medications | A potentially harmful medication if there is no supervision of administration by a licensed health provider, such as a physician, nurse practitioner, or physician’s assistant. |
| Over the Counter Medications | Medications do not require a prescription because they have a designation from the FDA that says they are relatively safe to take without supervision. They can easily be obtained at a grocery, convenience, and even gas station stores. |
| Pharmaceutics | Address how various medication forms affect the dissolution of a medication, the absorption rate of a medication, and, subsequently, its onset of action. |
| Oral Medications | Medications taken by mouth. |
| Delayed Release Medication | Medication tablet containing beads of coated medication that release a medication over time instead of immediately. |
| Parenteral | Injectable |
| Parenteral Medications | Medications that are injected into the body to bypass the GI system. |
| Reconstitution | Adding liquid to a dry medication to make it injectable. |
| Intravenous Medication | Medication that is injected into the veins and directly into the bloodstream. |
| Intramuscular Medication | Medication that is injected into skeletal muscle tissue. |
| Subcutaneous Medication | Medication that is injected into the subcutaneous layer under the dermis. |
| Topical Medication | Medication that is applied to the integument of a certain area. |
| Absorption | The movement of the drug from the site of administration to the various tissues of the body. |
| Distribution | Movement of the medication by the circulatory system to its intended site of action. |
| Metabolism | The change that occurs in a medication into a more or less potent form of the medication, more soluble form of the medication, or an inactive form of the medication. This is usually done by the liver. |
| Biotransformation | When the structure of the medication is chemically altered during metabolism. |
| Metabolite | The new, or altered, form of a medication after being metabolized. |
| Excretion | The elimination of a medication or its metabolites through various parts of the body. |
| Half-Life | The time it takes for a medication that enters the body to decrease in amount by half due to metabolism and excretion. |
| Onset of Action | The amount of time it takes for a medication to demonstrate a therapeutic response. |
| Peak Effect | The time it takes a medication to demonstrate its full therapeutic effect. |
| duration of action | the length of time the medication’s therapeutic effect lasts without additional doses. |
| peak level | the point in time when a medication is at its highest level in the body. |
| trough level | the point in time when a medication is at its lowest level in the body. |
| Pharmacodynamics | The biochemical changes that occur in the body as a result of taking a medication. Therapeutic effects are the intended effects of the medication. Adverse drug reactions are the unintended effects of the medication. |
| Agonists | Medications that bind with a receptor and precipitate a greater-than-typical response. |
| Antagonists | Medications that bind with a receptor and either block a response or precipitate a less-than-typical response. |
| competitive antagonists | Antagonists that compete with an agonist for receptor sites. Increasingly high doses will decrease the typical response by an agonist but will rarely completely block it. |
| noncompetitive antagonists | Antagonists that block an agonist’s access to receptor sites. At high enough doses, they can completely block the typical response caused by an agonist. |
| selective medication action | a medication interacts with specific receptor sites to produce the desired effects. |
| Adverse Drug Reactions | Nontherapeutic, unintended effects of a medication that occur at a therapeutic dose. They may be predictable and well-known or unpredictable. These can range from annoying but tolerable to life-threatening. |
| allergic drug reaction | The most severe type of adverse drug reaction. They can range from itching and rash or hives to life-threatening anaphylactic shock. |
| Anaphylactic shock | An exaggerated response of the body’s immune system to a medication, which precipitates a massive release of histamine and other chemical mediators into the body. Findings include swelling of the eyes, face, mouth, and throat; difficulty breathing; wheezing; rapid heart rate; and extremely low blood pressure. Such manifestations may ultimately lead to cardiac arrest. |
| tolerance | the body’s decreased response to a medication it receives over a period of time. For the medication to continue to exert a therapeutic effect, providers must increase the dosage. |
| Pharmacodynamic tolerance | tolerance associated with long-term use of opioid analgesics. |
| dependence | a physiologic or psychological need for a medication. |
| Withdrawal | a variety of physical and mental manifestations when they are no longer taking a medication they are psychologically and/or physically dependent to. |
| interaction | an alteration in the expected pharmacologic action of a medication that results from an interaction with another medication or substance. |
| cumulative medication effect | The body is unable to metabolize and excrete the single dose of the medication before another dose is administered. |
| toxicity | Then a client receives medications in excessive dosages, resulting in negative physiologic effects. The effects may be irreversible and/or life-threatening. |
| Accumulation | Impaired excretion of a medication allows it to build up in the body. Eventually, this reaches levels where toxic effects are evident. |
| precautions | Extra steps taken to prevent adverse effects for medications that have a higher chance of causing an adverse reaction and/or for populations at a higher risk of experiencing adverse reactions. This is only done when a medication's benefits outweigh the risks to a patient. Otherwise, the medication is not given. |
| boxed warning | the highest safety warning the FDA can place on a group of medications within a class. |
| contraindication | Medications that a provider should not prescribe because they have the potential to cause serious or life-threatening adverse drug reactions in certain populations or in combination with other medications and certain foods. Providers should not consider the use of medications in these situations except under extremely unusual circumstances. |
| Drug-Drug Interactions | when one medication changes the way another medication affects the body |
| Food-Drug Interactions | when a food changes the way a medication affects the body. |
| additive interaction | the combined effect of two medications you give together is the same as each medication you give alone in similar doses in a 1+1=2 way. |
| Synergistic Interaction | When the effect of one medication is greater if you give it with another medication. This results in a 1+1=>2 effect. |
| Antagonistic Interaction | when the effect of one medication is decreased or blocked if you give it with another medication |
| morbidity | the state of being unhealthy or symptomatic related to a disease or condition. |
| Mortality | Deaths related to a specific health event. |
| efficacy | The effectiveness of a treatment. |
| Epidural | Medication administered directly into the epidural space along the spine. |
| intrathecal | Administration of medication into the spinal canal. |
| Central Venous Catheter | Catheter inserted into a vein to administer high volume or high concentrations of medications |
| Side Effect | A generally unintended effect of a medication (or treatment) causing minor or non-emergency manifestations. |
| sentinel event | Any medication error that causes client harm |
| evidence-based practice | A decision-making approach in health care where professionals use the best available research evidence, their clinical expertise, and the client's preferences to determine the best course of action for treatment or care. |
| just culture | Shared accountability within organizations. |
| client-centered care | Delivering care in a client-specific, individualized approach that includes the client in shared decision-making regarding care. |
| Knowledge-Based Errors | when there is an absence of learning about medications used in practice, client history, or administration of the medication. |
| Rule-Based Errors | failure to follow appropriate standards of practice for medication administration |
| Activity-Based Errors | occur with medications that sound alike or are spelled similarly or when becoming distracted during the medication administration process. |
| slip error | Error occurring with look-alike or sound-alike medications. |
| idiosyncratic drug reactions | Unpredictable medication reactions. Most involve targeting of the liver or bone marrow. |
| Patient Education | Providing information to patients regarding the medications they are taking, including why they're taking the medication, both the generic and brand names of the medication, the appropriate route and schedule for administration, possible side effects and adverse effects that could occur, and any precautions the client needs to take during therapy. |
| Teratogen | Anything that negatively affects expected embryonic or fetal development, including medications, illicit drugs, radiation, chemicals, and infections. |
| The Beers List | A guideline developed to improve the safety of medication use in clients age 65 and older. The list identifies medications and medication classifications that are potentially inappropriate for this population due to their substantial risk of adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, or limited effectiveness. |
| KIDs List | A reference tool used when considering medications that may be inappropriate or pose significant risks to children due to their unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Most medications are in the gastrointestinal, anti-infectives, dopamine antagonists, and antipsychotic classifications. The goal of the list is to minimize medication-related harm in pediatric clients by promoting evidence-based prescribing practices and ensuring treatments are safe and effective for pediatric clients. |
| Physical Incompatibility | A drug interaction where a visible occurs, such as precipitation, color change, or turbidity. |
| Chemical Incompatibility | A drug interaction where drugs alter each other's structure or function. |
| First Pass Elimination Effect | The process in which a medication is metabolized in the body prior to entering the bloodstream, therefore decreasing the overall medication concentration. |
| Ototoxic | A medication classification drugs are put in when they cause injury to the inner ear. |
| Otic medications | a type of topical medication administered directly into the ear canal. These medications are commonly used for conditions of the external ear. |
| Ophthalmic medications | topical medications administered to the subconjunctiva of the eye. These medications are used for a variety of eye conditions, including eye infections and chronic conditions such as glaucoma |
| Substance Misuse | Using a medication or other substance in a manner other than its therapeutic use to achieve another desired effect, such as a physical or psychological change. |
| Substance Use Disorder | A disorder in which an individual’s ability to control the frequency of use of legal and illegal substances is impaired by their brain. |
| DEA Number | A number assigned to a provider to track controlled substance prescriptions and allow pharmacies to verify a prescription’s validity. |
| Distributive Justice | The principle of safe and equal treatment of clients within the restrictions of the health care staff’s finite resources, including available equipment and time. Treating clients in a safe and equal manner, given that a nurse has finite resources, especially time. |
| Implied Consent | When a client’s actions indicate they agree to a procedure or process, even if they do not expressly say so. |
Created by:
marinareagankhan