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anat exam 1 part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are hydrolysis reactions? | water acts as a reactant and inserts itself into a chemical bond, causing the bond to break ex/ AB + H₂O → AH + BOH |
| what are dehydration reactions? | A hydroxyl group (–OH) from one molecule and a hydrogen (–H) from another are removed. These combine to form water (H₂O). The two molecules form a new covalent bond, creating a larger molecule they build macromolecules |
| during bone repair and development, where do the osteoblasts come from | mesenchymal stem cells (which reside in bone marrow) |
| giantism | over secretion of GH in childhood = huge size and metabolic abnormalities acromegaly- over secretion of GH as adult = huge hands, feet and face due to bone and soft tissue growth over existing ones |
| functions of skeletal system | 1. support- supports body and maintains shape 2. protection- encases organs 3. movement- bones= levers 4. hematopoiesis- RBC and WBC in bone marrow |
| how does calcium enter the bloodstream? | When blood calcium drops, the parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH), which stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone tissue, releasing calcium into the blood |
| what vitamin is crucial for calcium entering the bloodstream? | vitamin D |
| what is a hydrogen bond? | an H atom, bonds to an electronegative atom (O, N or F) The H atom becomes slightly + charged , while the electronegative atom develops a partial - charge polarity allows the H form a H bond (Dn−H···Ac) btwn donor (Dn) + acceptor (Ac) atoms |
| what is a covalent bond? | a chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, creating a stable connection between them covalent= sharing of electrons |
| what is a polar covalent bond? | a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally between two atoms, creating partial positive and negative charges due to differences in electronegativity. |
| what is an ionic bond? | a chemical bond formed when one atom transfers electrons to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other. occurs when one atom donates one or more of its valence electrons to another atom (results in a cation and an anion) |
| what kind of tissues are red and yellow marrow? | connective tissue red= hematopoietic tissue that produces red and white blood cells and platelets. yellow= primarily fat storage tissue with mesenchymal stem cells |
| where is red and yellow marrow found in bone tissue? | long bones medullary cavity (the hollow area continuous w/ areas of spongy bone) and epiphysis (rounded ends of long bone) |
| how many amino acids are there | 20 |
| what does popliteal and plantar mean | region located at the back of the knee joint anything related to the sole of the foot |
| how do blood vessels enter long bone? | 1. right through nutrient foramen 2. then medullary cavity 3. nutrient canals connect medullary cavity to osteonic canal |
| what is mesenchyme? | a type of embryonic connective tissue that serves as a precursor to various tissues in the body, including bones, cartilage, and muscles. It is characterized by loosely organized cells that can differentiate into different cell types during development. |
| what is a stem cell? | A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide and develop into different types of cells in the body, serving as a repair system for tissues and organs |
| what is cancellous bone? | (a.k.a spongy or trabecular bone), porous type of bone tissue found primarily within the interior of bones. It provides structural support and flexibility while being significantly lighter than compact bone, making up about 20% of the human skeleton |
| what is an osteoid? | precursor to mature bone initial framework for bone tissue unmineralized organic matric of bone secreted by osteoblasts during bone formation |
| what is the epiphyseal plate? | (growth plate) layer of hyaline cartilage at ends of long bones in children and adolescents. It plays a crucial role in bone growth by allowing for the lengthening of bones until skeletal maturity is reached, at which point it is replaced by bone tissue |
| what is diploe? | spongy cancellous bone layer located between the outer and inner tables of the cranial vault in human anatomy. This structure is crucial for providing strength and lightness to the skull |
| how do long bones get longer? (interstitial growth) | through a process called endochondral ossification, which occurs at the growth plates located at the ends of the bones. This process involves the gradual replacement of cartilage with bone tissue, allowing for lengthening during childhood and adolescence |
| wolffs law | bone adapts to the mechanical loads placed on it; increased stress leads to stronger, denser bone, while reduced stress results in weaker bone. |
| how do long bones get thicker? | appositional growth This process adds new bone tissue to the outer surface of the bone, increasing its diameter |
| what's the difference between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification | intramembranous ossification- occurs from mesenchymal tissue, primarily forming flat bones like the skull, endochondral ossification- cartilage model that is gradually replaced by bone (primarily forming long bones and those at the base of the skull) |
| what kind of cartilage is the meniscus? | fibrocartilage |
| whats a synovial joint? | type of joint in the body where two bones meet within a fluid-filled capsule, allowing for smooth and flexible movement. = wide range of motion and are commonly found in areas such as the knees and elbows. |
| what does visceral organ mean | the organ is inside a body cavity |
| what are osteocytes and what do they do? | mature bone cells that play a crucial role in maintaining bone health by regulating mineral levels, detecting mechanical stress, and orchestrating bone remodeling processes |
| monosaccharide vs disaccharide | monosaccharides consist of a single sugar unit, while disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond |
Created by:
emma.thornton