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Chapter 40
Organismal Physiology Chapter 40: Intro to Animal Form & Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Exchange with the environment | the process by which organisms gain and lose matter and energy from their environment |
| Animal Gain in exchange with the environment | Nutrients, O2, and heat |
| Animals Lose in exchange with the environment | wastes, CO2, and heat |
| Surface area | the amount of outer or exposed area available for exchange with the environment |
| Key Idea for surface area | More surface area= more area available for exchange |
| volume | the amount of space occupied by an animal's body |
| key idea for volume | the larger the volume, the more matter and energy the animal needs to obtain or get rid of |
| Surface area to volume ratio | the relationship between an animal's surface area and its volume |
| Surface area to volume ratio for small animals | Small animals -> large SA:V |
| Surface area to volume ration for large animals | Large animals-> small SA:V |
| large SA:V | more efficient direct exchange |
| small SA:V | direct exchange becomes more difficult |
| Direct exchange | when an organism exchanges materials directly with the environment without needing extensive internal exchange organs |
| Direct exchange works especially well in animals with | small bodies, thin bodies, narrow/elongated bodies, large SA:V ratios Ex. Earthworms |
| internal exchange surfaces | Specialized organs or structures that provide a large surface area for exchange inside larger animals |
| internal exchange surfaces example | Intestines: Nutrient absorption Lungs/gills: Gas exchange Kidneys: Waste excretion |
| interstitial fluid | fluid that surrounds cells and line cells to exchange surfaces and blood Think: Environment-> exchange surface-> blood/interstitial fluid->cells |
| hierarchical organization | the way an animal's body is organized from smaller levels into increasingly complex levels |
| The order of hierarchical organization | cells->tissues->organs->organ systems-> organism |
| cell | the basic structural and functional unit of an animal |
| cell examples | neurons, muscle fibers, keratinocytes |
| tissues | a group of specialized cells working together to perform a particular function animals have 4 major tissue types |
| epithelial tissues | tissue that covers surfaces and lines organs |
| connective tissues | tissues that connects body parts and fills spaces |
| muscle tissue | contractile tissue that allows animals to move their bodies and move substances through their bodies |
| nervous tissues | electrically conductive tissue responsible for internal signaling |
| organ | a structure made of multiple tissues that performs a specific function |
| organ examples | heart, lungs, brain, liver |
| organ system | a group of organs that work together to perform major body functions |
| organ system examples | respiratory system, nervous system, digestive system |
| organism | the complete living animal |
| internal coordination | the ability of an animal to coordinate processes occurring throughout its body |
| neural coordination | coordination that uses the nervous system to transmit signals throughout the body |
| when comparing neural coordination with endocrine coordination know: | 1. type of signal 2. specificity 3. speed 4. duration |
| endocrine coordination | coordination involving endocrine signaling |
| regulation | maintaining a more stable internal environment despite environmental changes |
| regulation characteristics | less internal variation, more stable conditions, requires more energy |
| conforming | allowing the internal environment to change along with the external environment |
| conforming characteristics | more internal variation, less energy required |
| homeostasis | the tendency of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment |
| things animals regulate to have homeostasis | body temperature, pH, osmolarity, blood glucose |
| set point | the target level around which a homeostatic condition is maintained |
| set point example | your body tries to keep internal conditions around an appropriate target rather than allowing them to change wildly |
| negative feedback | a mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis by producing a response that counteracts the original change |
| Negative feedback basic pattern | change->response->counteracts change->stability |
| alteration of the set point | a situation in which the body's target for a regulated condition changes |
| circadian rhythm | a predictable biological rhythm associated with a roughly daily cycle |
| circadian rhythm examples | body temperature, heart rate, melatonin |
| acclimatization | adjustment to a changing environmental condition |
| Acclimatization example | high altitude->lower O2 availability->animal acclimatizes |
| fever | an example of a circumstance associated with changing the set point |
| thermoregulation | the process of regulating body temperature |
| endothermic | an animal that generates substantial body heat through internal metabolic processes |
| ectothermic | an animal whose body temperature is strongly influenced by heat obtained from the environment |
| homeothermic | an animal that maintains a relatively stable body temperature homeo=same |
| poikilothermic | an animal whose body temperature varies poikilo=variable |
| conduction | heat transfer through direct contact |
| convection | heat transfer involving the movement of fluid or air around the organism |
| radiation | heat transfer through electromagnetic radiation |
| evaporation | heat loss when water changes from liquid to vapor |
| evaporation examples | sweating, panting, bathing |
| insulation | a structure that reduces heat exchange between the animal and environment |
| insulation examples | fur, feathers, blubber |
| vasoconstriction | narrowing of blood vessels |
| what is vasoconstriction? | this is one of the circulatory adaptations involved in thermoregulation |
| vasodilation | widening of blood vessels |
| countercurrent heat exchange | a circulatory adaptation involved in thermoregulation |
| evaporative heat loss | loss of heat through evaporation |
| behavioral thermoregulation | using behavior to help control body temperature |
| behavioral thermoregulation examples | basking, changing body orientation toward the sun, burrowing |
| thermogenesis | production of metabolic heat creating heat |
| non-shivering thermogenesis | production of metabolic heat without shivering |
| bioenergetics | the flow and transformation of energy in an organism |
| biosynthesis | using nutrients/food for: growth, maintenance, and reproduction |
| ATP | a molecule used to store energy for cellular work |
| metabolic rate | the sum of all energy used during a given time interval |
| O2 consumption | the amount of oxygen consumed over a period of time Because oxygen consumption provides a way to measure an animal's energy use |
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) | the minimum energy requirement of an endotherm when : at rest under comfortable conditions |
| standard metabolic rate (SMR) | similar to BMR but used for ectotherms at a specified temperature |
| weight-adjusted BMR | a comparison of basal metabolic rate that accounts for body weight/body size |
| active endotherm | an active endotherm has a relatively high energy demand because it uses internal metabolism to maintain body functions and temperature |
| Active endotherms require | about 10-20x more energy than similarly sized ectotherms |
| torpor | a state associated with a reduction in metabolic activity |
| hibernation | a condition associated with substantial changes/reductions in metabolic activity during periods such as seasonal food scarcity |
| estivation | a condition associated with reduced metabolic activity during challenging conditions, particularly hot/dry places |
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