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AP World Chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Song dynasty | Chinese dynasty (960-1279) after the Tang dynasty. During the Song dynasty, an explosion of scholarship gave rise to Neo-Confucianism, and a revolution in agricultural and industrial production made China the richest and most populated country on Earth. |
| China's economic revolution | A major rise in prosperity during the Song dynasty; rapid population growth, urbanization, economic specialization, the development of an immense network of internal waterways, and a great increase in industrial production and technological innovation |
| Hangzhou | China's capital during the Song dynasty, with a population at its height of more than a million people. |
| foot finding | The Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, prevalent int he Song dynasty and later; emphasis on small size and delicacy was central to views of female beauty. |
| hangul | A phonetic alphabet developed in Korea in the 15th century in a move toward greater cultural independence from China. |
| chu nom | A variation of Chinese writing developed in Vietnam that became the basis for an independent national literature |
| bushido | "The way of the warrior," referring to the martial values of the Japanese samurai, including bravery, loyalty, and an emphasis on death over surrender. |
| Abbasid caliphate | An Arab dynasty of caliphs who governed much of the Islamic world from its capital in Baghdad beginning in 750 CE. After 900 that empire increasingly fragmented until its overthrow by the Mongols in 1258. |
| Seljuk Turkic Empire | An empire of the 11th-12th centuries, centered in Persia and present-day Iraq. Seljuk rulers adopted the Muslim title of Sultan as part of their conversion to Islam |
| Ottoman Empire | Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, parts of the Middle East, and much of North Africa. Lasted from the 14th-early 20th centuries. |
| al-Andalus | Arabic name for Spain, most of which was conquered by Arab and Berber forces between 711 and 718 CE. |
| Byzantine Empire | The surviving eastern Roman Empire and one of the centers of Christendom during the medieval centuries. Founded at the end of the 3rd century CE, when the Roman Empire was divided into two halves. Survived until its conquest by Muslim forces in 1453. |
| Constantinople | New capital for the eastern half ot he Roman Empire; highly defensible and economically important site helped ensure the city's cultural and strategic importance for many centuries |
| caesaropapism | A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire. |
| Eastern Orthodox Christianity | Branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated from Western Europe. Noted for subordination of church to state, married clergy, rejection of Roman popes. |
| Crusades | "Holy Wars," waged by Western Christendom especially against Islamic forces in the Eastern Mediterranean from 1095-1291 and on the Iberian Peninsula into the 15th century. |
| Kievan Rus | A culturally diverse civilization that emerged around the city of Kiev in the 9th century; adopted Christianity thus linking the Russian state to Eastern Orthodoxy. |
| Western Christendom | Western European branch of Christianity; also known as Roman Catholicism, that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy. Characterized by its relative independence from the state and its recognition of the authority of the pope. |
| Roman Catholic Church | Western European branch of Christianity that gradually broke from the Eastern Orthodox Church. Centered on the pope as the ultimate authority. |
| European Renaissance | A "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350-1500. Rediscovery of Greek and Roman learning, major developments in art, growing secularism. Spread to northern Europe after 1400. |
| Maya civilization | A major civilization of Mesoamerica known for the most elaborate writing system in the Americas and other intellectual and artistic achievements; flourished from 250-900 CE. |
| Aztec Empire | Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the 14th and 15th centuries CE, dominated by the semi-nomadic Mexica, who had migrated into the region from northern Mexico. |
| Inca Empire | The Western Hemisphere's largest imperial state in the 15th-early 16th centuries; Quechua-speaking peoples, stretched 2,500 miles along the Andes Mountains, contained perhaps 10 million subjects |
Created by:
Mrs. Marquardt