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Chem unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define Rault's Law and identify the variables in the equation | Raoult's Law states vapor pressure of a component in an ideal solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction Pa=XAaPa^∘ Pa = partial vapor pressure of component A Xa = mole fraction of component A Pa^∘ = vapor pressure of pure component A |
| Define vapor pressure lowering | Psolution = XsolventP^∘solvent |
| Define colligative property | property of a solution that depends only on the number of dissolved particles present |
| Why is the vapor pressure of a solution lower than the vapor pressure of the solution's pure solvent | because some of the solvent molecules at the surface are replaced by solute particles which slows the rate at which the solvent vaporizes |
| Describe van't Hoff's coefficient | actual # of dissolved particles produced fer formula unit of solute |
| define volatile | substance that easily evaporates, meaning it has a high vapor pressure at a given temperature |
| Does an ideal solution follow Raoult’s law exactly? Explain. | an ideal solution does follow Raoult's Law exactly while a real solution shows positive or negative deviations from Raoult's law |
| What happens to the vapor pressure when solute-solvent interactions are stronger than those in the pure solvent and pure solute? | molecules are held more tightly, fewer molecules can escape, vapor pressure is lower |
| What happens to the vapor pressure when solute-solvent interactions are weaker than those in the pure solvent and pure solute? | molecules are held less tightly, molecules can escape easily, vapor pressure is higher |
| Define boiling point elevation | increase in a solvent's boiling point when a nonvolatile solute is dissolved in it |
| Write the equation for boiling point elevation and define the terms | ΔTb(BP elevation)=iKb(molal BP elevation constant)m(molarity) |
| Define freezing point depression | decrease in a solvent's freezing point when a solute is dissolved in it |
| Write the equation for freezing point depression and define the terms | ΔTf(FP depression)=iKf(molal FP depression constant)m(molarity) |
| Define osmosis | movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute to higher solute concentration |
| Define semipermeable membrane | membrane that allows solvent molecules to pass through but blocks solute particles from crossing |
| Define osmotic pressure | minimum pressure that must be applied to a solution to stop the net flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane |
| Write the equation for osmotic pressure and define the variables | π(osmotic pressure)=iM(molarity)R(ideal gas constant)T(absolute temp) |
| Write the equation for osmotic pressure, including molar mass | MM=iwRT/piV |
| Distinguish hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions | hypertonic- higher than the cell's concentration hypotonic- lower than the cell's concentration isotonic- equal to the cell's concentration |
| Define a suspension | heterogenous mixture in which solid particles are dispersed throughout a liquid but are large enough to settle out over time |
| Compare the particle size in a solution versus a suspension | solution- very small particles suspension- large particles |
| Define colloid | mixture in which tiny particles of one substance are dispersed throughout another substance |
| Describe the Tyndal effect | scattering of light by colloidal particles which makes the path of a light beam visible as it passes through |
| Define rate of reaction | |
| Define instantaneous rate | |
| Define initial rate | |
| Define rate law | |
| Define rate constant | |
| Define integrated rate law | |
| Write the first order integrated rate law and define the terms | |
| Write the second order integrated rate law and define the terms | |
| Write the zero order integrated rate law and define terms | |
| Define half-life | |
| Define collision theory | |
| What criteria must be met for an effective collision | |
| Define activation energy | |
| What is the relationship between a reaction rate and activation energy | |
| Define activated complex | |
| Write the exponential form of the Arrhenius equation and define the terms | |
| What is the frequency factor | |
| Describe the effect of temp on reaction rate | |
| What is the relationship between temperature and activation energy? | |
| Write the linearized form of the Arrhenius equation | |
| What is the slope of an Arrhenius plot equal to? | |
| Write the two-point form of the Arrhenius equation. Why is it important to use the two-point form of the Arrhenius equation with caution? | |
| What is a reaction mechanism? | |
| How are elementary steps different than overall chemical equations? | |
| What is a reaction intermediate? | |
| What is meant by molecularity? | |
| Compare unimolecular, bimolecular and termolecular processes |
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