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Islam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who was Muhammad | He was a prophet that taught that there is only one God, and spread equality and peace |
| Who was Khadija | She was Muhammad's first wife and supporter, and she was originally a widow |
| Who was Abu Bakr | First caliph after Muhammad died and his father in law |
| Who was Ali | Muhammad's son in law and the fourth Rashidun caliph |
| Who was Hussein | A grandson of Muhammad and caused the split between the Sunni and Shia |
| Who was Mu'awiyah | First caliph of the Umayyad dynasty and founded it |
| Who was Abu al-'Abbas | He founded the Abbasid dynasty |
| Who was Harun al-Rushid | He was the 5th Abbasid caliph and he transformed Baghdad into the world's leading center for trading and politics |
| Who was Al-Mansur | He was the second caliph of the Abbasid dynasty, and the original founder of it |
| Who was Ibn-Rushd | He contributed to the medical field and published commentaries on Aristotle |
| Who was Al-Razi | He worked in medical science and was the first to distinguish smallpox from measles |
| Who was Ibn Sina | He wrote a medical encyclopedia in many languages |
| Bedouin | A nomadic Arab who lives in the Arabian, Syrian, or North African deserts |
| Ka'aba | A shrine in the Grand Mosque in Mecca |
| Allah | Islamic god (Arabic for God) |
| Mecca/Makkah | Capital place of worship and place where Muhammad was born |
| Medina/Madinah | The second holiest city, Muhammad went for refugee, and it's part of the Hijrah |
| Qur'an | Islam's holy book |
| Muslim | The followers of Islam |
| Mosque | Place of worship |
| Shadada | One of the five pillars of Islam, and it is the belief that there is only one God |
| Salat | One of the five pillars of Islam, and it is that Muslims must pray 5 times a day on a mat or rug in any location, or together in a mosque |
| Alms | One of the five pillars of Islam, and it means that Muslims must donate a fraction of their income to community members in need |
| Sawm | One of the five pillars of Islam and it means that you must fast during Ramadan |
| Hajj | A trip that every Muslim must do that involves traveling to the holy city of Mecca |
| Five Pillars of Islam | Acts of worship each Muslim must complete |
| Shari'ah | A law code drawn up by Muslim scholars |
| Hadith | Accounts of the actions/sayings of Muhammad |
| Caliph | The civil and religious leader of the Muslim people |
| Caliphate | The dominion of a Caliph |
| Sheikh | The ruler of an Arabic tribe, chosen by one of the leading families |
| Hijrah | The journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah in 622 |
| Jihad | In Islam, the struggle of believers to survive |
| People of the Book | Christians and Jews under Muslim rule |
| Sunni | They believe that anyone could be the next caliph |
| Shia | A group that believed only the descendants of Ali could rule as caliph |
| Vizier | A high government official in Muslim countries |
| Sultan | More of a political leader (king) |
| Bazaar | A covered market in Islamic cities |
| Dowry | A gift of money or property paid at the same time of marriage |
| Astrolabe | An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars |
| Arabesques | A geometric pattern repeated to completely cover a surface with decoration |
| Minaret | The tower of a mosque from which the Muezzin calls the faithful to prayer 5 times a day |
| Muezzin | The crier who calls the Muslim faithful to prayer to the minaret of a mosque |
| Arabia before Islam | It was politically diverse and an assortment of religions (polytheistic) |
| Mecca | The holiest city in Islam and it's the birthplace of the prophet Muhammad |
| Medina | Muhammad traveled their for the Hijrah |
| Hijrah (622) | The journey of Muhammad and his followers to Medinah |
| Return to Mecca (630) | Muhammad returned to Mecca to fight a battle |
| Muhammad's death (632) | No one knew how to lead, it was chaotic, and then Abu Bakr stepped up as caliph |
| Yarmuk (636) | A 6-day fight where the Rashidan beat the Byzantine empire |
| Battle of Tours (732) | The Umayyad dynasty conquered North Africa and they ended up losing the battle, causing them to be free of the Umayyads |
| Umayyad dynasty | Began in 661 CE after Fitna, its capital is in Damascus, Syria and it expanded from Europe to Africa to Asia |
| Abbasid dynasty | Began in 750 CE when the Umayyad fell, the capital is in Baghdad, and it was during the Islamic golden age |
| Baghdad | In the center of this city there's a mosque and a palace |
| Abbasid decline | There is political fragmentation and caliphs were either controlled or killed |
| how did the Islamic scholars preserve and spread knowledge from other cultures? | They translated vast collections of ancient texts into Arabic |
| what did the Arabic world physically look like before the rise of Islam? | A land of vast deserts surrounded by empires |
| what similarities and differences existed among the Abrahamic religions? | They all worship Abraham, but they differ in key figures and holy text |
| What was Abu Bakr's chief success as a caliph, and to what did it contribute | He suppressed the Ridda Wars and it allowed him to infiltrate Byzantine and Persian empires |
| How did the Caliphate become a dynasty, and what factors threatened that dynasty? | It became a dynasty when Muawiya made it hereditary to rule and it was threatened by rebellions, politcal divisions, the Shia, and social tenstion |
| How did the Abbasid dynasty differ from life under the Umayyad dynasty? | The Abbasid was more inclusive, letting non-Arab Muslims move to Baghdad, while the Umayyad focused more on power |
| How did the prosperous Abbasid dynasty become politically divided? | It was too large to control and local leaders gained more power |
| How did Islam influence the social structure of Middle Eastern societies? | They had a religious community and it shaped laws, family roles, education, and trade |
| What were TWO contributions of Islamic scholars and artists? | Scholars advanced math, medicine, astronomy, and science. Artists developed architecture, calligraphy, and geometric designs |
| Which innovations and ideas of Muslims could still be used today? | Algebra, medical knowledge, and astronomy |
| What are the similarities and differences among Christians, Jews, and Muslims? | All 3 believe in one God. Christians believe Jesus is the son of God, Jews follow the Torah and do not believe Jesus is the Messiah, and Muslims follow the Qur'an and believe Muhammad is the final prophet |
| How did observing Islamic teachings create unity among Muslims? | They shared beliefs, laws, and practices |
| How did Islamic law affect Muslim attitudes toward Christians and Jews? | They recognized them as "People of the Book", but they had different legal and tax obligations |
| What were the differences and similarities in Sunni and Shia beliefs? | They fight over who leads, but they both believe in one God, the Qur'an, and Muhammad as God's prophet |
| How did the trade help Islam and Islamic culture spread? | Muslim merchants traveled to different regions, where they shared their culture |
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