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Islam Test review
For the test on Monday
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bedouin - Term | Nomadic Arab herders and warriors who lived in clans in the desert. Their tribal lifestyle influenced early Islamic culture, and many later converted to Islam. |
| Ka'aba - Term | A cube-shaped shrine in Mecca believed to have been built by Abraham. It became Islam's most sacred site after Muhammad rededicated it to Allah. |
| Allah - Term | The Arabic word for God. Muslims believe Allah is the one, all-powerful, and compassionate deity. |
| Mecca - Term | A major trading city in Arabia and the birthplace of Muhammad. It houses the Ka'aba and is the holiest city in Islam. |
| Medina - Term | Formerly Yathrib, the city Muhammad and his followers fled to during the Hijrah. It became the center of the early Muslim community. |
| Qur'an - Term | The holy book of Islam, believed to be the literal word of God as revealed to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel. |
| Mosque - Term | A Muslim house of worship. It also serves as a community center. Prayer is led by an imam, not a priestly class. |
| Hajj - Term | A pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim must make at least once in their life if physically and financially able. It is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. |
| Sunna - Term | The example of Muhammad’s life, used as a guide for proper Muslim behavior and law. |
| Shari'ah - Term | A comprehensive Islamic legal code derived from the Qur’an and Sunna, regulating daily life, family, business, and morality |
| Caliph - Term | A political and religious leader seen as the successor to Muhammad. |
| Caliphate - Term | The caliphate was the ruling institution of the Islamic empire, and was the office or dominion off a caliph. |
| People of the Book - Term | A term in the Qur’an for Jews and Christians, who share a belief in one God and possess earlier scriptures. |
| Shi'a - Term | A sect of Islam that believes only descendants of Muhammad, through his cousin and son-in-law Ali, should lead the Muslim community. |
| Sunni - Term | The largest branch of Islam, which believes that any devout Muslim can lead, following Muhammad’s example and community consensus. |
| Calligraphy - Term | The artistic practice of beautiful handwriting, especially used in Islamic culture to transcribe the Qur’an and decorate mosques. |
| Muhammad - People | Muhammad was the founder of Islam. He received revelations from Allah through the angel Gabriel and spread the message of monotheism across Arabia. |
| Abu-Bakr - People | The first caliph after Muhammad’s death. He unified the Arabian Peninsula under Islam and preserved the new faith. |
| Ali - people | He is the single most central figure in the Sunni-Shia division, as the entire schism originated from a fundamental disagreement over his rightful role and leadership after the Prophet’s death in 632 CE |
| Khadija - people | Khadija bint Khuwaylid was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad and the first person to accept Islam |
| Husayn ibn Ali - people | Husayn ibn Ali was the grandson of Prophet Muhammad and a central figure in Islamic history whose tragic death at the Battle of Karbala |
| Abu al'- Abbas - people | Founded the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 CE, which ruled over the eastern Islamic world for roughly 500 years. Organized opposition and deep popular support among mawali and Shi'i Arabs in the east Khorasan. By criticizing the ruling of the Umayyad dynasty. |
| Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan - people | Early governor of Syria, and was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate. This changed the caliphate by shifting to hereditary rule and centralizing power. |
| Harun Al Rashid - people | The fifth caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate. He established the library Bayt Al Hikama in Baghdad. He led campaigns against the Byzantine Empire forcing Empress Irene to pay tribute. He divided the empire between his sons, al-Amin and al-Ma'mun |
| Al Mansur - people | He built the capital of Baghdad which became a crucial global center for trade, culture, and learning in the medieval world. |
| Ibn Rushd - people | was a 12th-century Andalusian polymath, philosopher, physician, and judge born in Córdoba, Spain. He wrote any books like and commentaries like, "tahafut al Tahafut" "Al-Kulliyat fi Al-Tibb" and "Kitab Fasi al MagaI" |
| Al-Razi - people | Was a renowned Persian Physician, philosopher, and alchemist. He differentiated smallpox and measles, and created the Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb, which is the comprehensive book of medicine. |
| Ibn Sina - people | A Persian polymath. philosopher, and physician of the Islamic Golden Age. He contributed to the canon of medicine, pharmacology, psychology, and contagion and public health. |
| Sheikh - Term | A traditional Arabic honorific title that literally means "elder" or "Old Man" |
| Hijrah - Term | An Arabic world that means "Migration," "Emigration," or "Leaving one place to settle in another" |
| JIhad - Term | Jihad is an Arabic word that literally translates to "struggle," "striving," or "exerting effort" in the path of God. |
| Shia - Term | Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam, making up about 10% to 15% of the global Muslim population |
| Vizier - Term | A vizier is a high-ranking political advisor, chief minister, or representative who serves a powerful ruler like a king, sultan, or pharaoh. |
| Bazaar - Term | A bazaar is a marketplace with many small shops and stalls, or a sale held to raise money for charity |
| Dowry - Term | A dowry is money, property, or goods a dowry brings to her husband or his family at the time of marriage. |
| Astrolabe - Term | An astrolabe is an ancient, handheld astronomical instrument that functions as a portable model of the universe. |
| Arabesque - Term | The term arabesque most commonly refers to an intricate decorative design of interlaced, flowing lines or a classic ballet pose. |
| Minaret - Term | A minaret is a tall, slender tower typically built on or near a mosque. |
| Muezzin - Term | A muezzin is the chosen mosque official who proclaims the Islamic call to prayer, known as the Adhan. |
| Who is Muhammad and why was the hijrah a turning point - Self Check | Prophet Muhammad was the founder of Islam, and the Hijrah (his migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE) was a turning point because it transformed Muslims from a persecuted minority into an organized, independent political and spiritual community |
| What is the importance of mecca, medina, and the Kaaba - Self Check | Mecca (the holiest city), Medina (the Hijra), and the Kaaba (house of god) are the most sacred and foundational sites in Islam, serving as the spiritual, historical, and geographical heart of the faith |
| the five pillars and Shariah - Self Check | The Five Pillars of Islam are the five fundamental religious duties that form the core of a Muslim's life and practice, while Shari'ah is the broader moral and legal framework derived from Islamic principles that guides daily life and worship. |
| The five pillars - Self check | Shahada (faith), Salah (Prayer), Zakat (Charity), Sawm (Fasting), Hajj (Pilgrimage) |
| how did Abu Bakr help unite the early Muslim community - Self Check | Abu Bakr helped unite the early Muslim community by stabilizing leadership as a caliph and after Prophet Muhammad's death and decisively defeating tribal rebellions during the Ridda Wars |
| How was the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties different - Self Check | The Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties differed primarily in their social inclusivity, capital locations, and focus on military expansion versus cultural growth. Umayyad wanted military growth, Abbasids focused on their golden age. |
| What were the origins of the Sunni-Shia split - Self Check | The Sunni-Shia split began as a political dispute over who should lead the Islamic community after the Death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE. The Shia wanted a hereditary successor, but the Sunni believed in the community choosing the next leader. |
| How did trade help the Islamic world become wealthy and spread idea. - Self Check | Trade made the Islamic world wealthy and connected by creating a massive, unified network of land and sea routes that spanned across Asia, Africa, and Europe. |
| What are some of the major Islamic achievements in math, science, medicine, literature, and architecture. - Self Check | Algebra, algorithms, Trigonometry, decimal and numeral system, optics and scientific method, astronomy and geography, the canon of medicine, pioneering surgery, public hospitals, poetry, geometric mastery, and iconic structures. |
| What is the comparison between Islam with Judaism and Christianity - Self Check | Islam, Judaism, and Christianity are the world's three major Abrahamic religion with strict monotheism (the worship of one God). However, they differ significantly in their core doctrines, holy figures, texts, and views on divinity and salvation. |
| what are some reasons why the Abbasid empire weakened - Self Check | The Abbasid Empire weakened due to political fragmentation, reliance on foreign slave soldiers, economic strain, and external invasions |
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