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Biodiversity ASlevel
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is biodiversity? | variety of living organisms, over time the variety of life on Earth has become more extensive but now it is being threatened by human activity such as deforestation and agriculture as well as climate change. |
| What is habitat biodiversity? | the range or number of different habitats or ecosystems found within a specific area, region, or on Earth. Such as Sand dunes, hedgerows, meadows and woodlands. |
| What is species biodiversity? | It consists of two aspects: Species richness is the number of different species in a community and Species evenness which is a comparison of abundance of different species in a habitat. |
| What is genetic biodiversity? | a measure of the genetic variation found in a particular species, in other words it is the number of alleles in a gene pool. A lack of this results in less resilience and increases the risk of extinction. |
| What happens when there is a lack of species biodiversity? | A lack of this results in ecosystems to break down, lose their natural resilience, and fail to provide the vital services—such as clean water, reliable food, and disease regulation—that all living things depend on, and climate change. |
| How can we measure species richness? (sampling) | Random - a random coordinates generator. R Systematic - sampling method where samples are taken across a habitat at fixed, regular intervals. NR Opportunistic - NR, samples taken based on ease. Stratified - a habitat is divided into groups. |
| What are the Pros and Cons of each type of sampling technique? | Random - No bias but is unrepresentative Systematic - allows you see how distribution gradient specific factor, but species out of transect are not considered Opportunistic - Faster, bias + overrepresentation. Stratified - no bias, overepresentative |
| 2 Techniques of sampling: | Quadrats-square frame used in ecology to isolate a standard area for studying the distribution of an item over a large area. SweepNet- cone-shaped nets swings the net,through plant dislodging insects so they fall to the bottom of the bag. |
| 2 More techniques of sampling: | PitallTrap- A container is buried in the ground creatures fall into the container.catch live animals for study and release or fill with soapy water to kill and analyse. Pooter-small jar with bag attached to human suction to pull bug in, with mesh |
| How do we measure species evenness/ biodiversity? | Simpson's Index |
| How do we measure genetic diversity? and where would we find them (isolated populations) | proportion of polymorphic gene loci = number of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci (zoos, breeding farms, rare breeds, pedigree animals - purebred-) |
| How do you measure species richness? | count the total number of different species present in a defined area or sample |
| Factors affecting biodiversity. | climate change , agriculture (monoculture), Human population growth (habitat loss and fragmentation), Human population growth (urbanisation and pollution) |
| how does climate change affect biodiversity | damages and shrinks habitats by erosion, rise in temp and sea levels rising, altered phenology, disrupted interaction,decrease in species richness, reduces genetic variation. |
| how does agriculture (monoculture) affect biodiversity? | only growing one type of crop or breeding one breed of livestock, decrease genetic pool, pathogens risk wiping out whole populations, reduces overall species diversity due to starvation less pollinators and less microbes in soil, simplifies ecosystems. |
| how does human population growth (habitat loss and fragmentation) affect biodiversity? | destroying natural habitats and breaking them off into small isolated patches, less living spaces means forced migration and less mating erodes genetic biodiversity, more inbreeding, genetic drift. |
| How does human population growth ( urbanisation and pollution) affect biodiversity? | more people means increased demand for resources, animals are forced to migrate, chemicals involved in eutrophication damage ecosystems, and alter reproduction causing abnormalities, decrease gene pool, light and noise pollution. |
| what are some reasons to maintain biodiversity? | Economic-making medicine, resources, mineral ion. Ecological-Wild plants may have helpful genes, removing one species may impact others, species dependency. Aesthetic-people may enjoy viewing natural landscapes, attract tourists, beauty. |
| What are keystone species ? | Species that exist in small numbers yet have a major impact on ecosystems, one reason to protect biodiversity. I.e Black bears in forest. maintain trophic levels and food webs. |
| What are In-Situ conservation and Ex-Situ conservation? | in situ - conservation of species in their natural habitat ex situ - conservation of species out of their natural habitat |
| pros of in situ conservation | plants and animals conserved in their natural habitats, ecological integrity kept, ecologically sustainable land use, long term protection of biodiversity and representative for ecosystems, allow scientific research, may allow land restoration |
| cons of in situ conservation | area may attract poachers, population may have lost too much of its biodiversity, may be too small, conditions that risked species such as climate change can still impact them, animals may eat farmers crops, may interfere with indigenous peoples. |
| what are the 3 principles of choosing a wildlife reserve | comprehensiveness - how many species and what is the most common environments adequacy - is there enough space for species to survive representativeness - is there a full range of species diversity and each set of environmental conditions. |
| what are 2 of the main LAND parts of the UK protected by status | National Parks Protect large areas of beautiful natural landscape. They are open for people to visit and enjoy, while conserving wildlife and scenery. National Nature Reserves Protect important habitats. They are often used for scientific research. |
| What are 2 more | Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs): Protect the UKâs best wildlife habitats and geological features. They are important for scientific study.Local Nature Reserves (LNRs): Protect natural areas that are important to local communities. |
| What is the 1 marine conservation | Marine Conservation Zone, protect from overfishing, pollution, disturbance of breeding areas, and boat damage form anchors and hulls |
Created by:
sonia.