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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bradwell v. The State (of Illinois) (1873) | Supreme Court case that ruled states could restrict women's ability to practice law, reinforcing the idea that women's legal roles were different from men's |
| Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) | Supreme Court cases that narrowly interpreted the 14th Amendment's Privileges or Immunities Clause and limited its use to protect individual rights |
| United States v. Reese (1876) | Supreme Court case that ruled the 15th Amendment did not give everyone the right to vote and limited federal power to punish voting discrimination |
| Munn v. Illinois (1877) | Supreme Court case that upheld state regulation of businesses such as grain elevators when they served a public interest |
| The Civil Rights Cases (1883) | Supreme Court cases that struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and ruled that the 14th Amendment did not prohibit discrimination by private businesses |
| Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company (1886) | Supreme Court case that recognized corporations as protected by the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause |
| Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois (1886) | Supreme Court case that ruled states could not regulate interstate railroad rates, helping lead to the Interstate Commerce Act |
| Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Company v. Minnesota (1890) | Supreme Court case that ruled state regulation of railroad rates could be reviewed by the courts under the Due Process Clause |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal |
| United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) | Supreme Court case that confirmed that children born in the United States are U.S. citizens even if their parents are immigrants |
| Panic of 1873 | Severe economic depression caused by railroad failures, bank failures, and financial instability |
| Election of 1876 | Disputed presidential election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden that was resolved by the Compromise of 1877 |
| Great Railroad Strike of 1877 | Nationwide railroad strike caused by wage cuts that led to violence and federal intervention |
| Haymarket Affair (1886) | Labor protest in Chicago where a bomb was thrown at police, leading to violence and a controversial trial of labor activists |
| Homestead Strike (1892) | Major steelworkers' strike against Carnegie Steel that was defeated after a violent confrontation involving Pinkerton guards |
| Panic of 1893 | Severe economic depression caused by railroad failures, bank failures, and financial instability |
| World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 | World's fair held in Chicago celebrating the 400th anniversary of Columbus's arrival in the Americas and showcasing American technology and industry |
| Pullman Strike (1894) | Railroad strike against the Pullman Company that was broken up by federal troops after the strike disrupted mail delivery |
| The Molly Maguires (1970) | Film about Irish immigrant coal miners in Pennsylvania and the labor conflicts involving the Molly Maguires |
| Reconstruction Acts (1867-1868) | Laws that divided the former Confederacy into military districts and required Southern states to protect African American voting rights before rejoining the Union |
| Pendleton Act (1883) | Civil service reform law that created a merit-based system for many federal jobs and reduced political patronage |
| Interstate Commerce Act (1887) | Law that created the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad practices and rates |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) | Federal law designed to prevent monopolies and combinations that restrained interstate trade |
| Mississippi Black Code (1865) | Southern law that restricted the freedom and economic opportunities of formerly enslaved African Americans after the Civil War |
| General Reynolds Describes Lawlessness in Texas (1868) | Primary source describing violence and lawlessness in Texas during Reconstruction |
| E. L. Godkin on Reconstruction (1871) | Primary source criticizing Reconstruction and expressing negative views about the political changes in the South |
| Frederick Douglass on Remembering the Civil War (1878) | Speech or writing in which Frederick Douglass discussed the Civil War, emancipation, and the importance of remembering the struggle against slavery |
| Dennis Kearney and H. L. Knight, “Appeal from California. The Chinese Invasion. Workingmen’s Address” (1878) | Primary source expressing anti-Chinese immigrant attitudes and arguing that Chinese immigration threatened American workers |
| Henry George, Progress and Poverty (1879) | Work arguing that economic inequality was caused partly by land ownership and proposing a tax on the increasing value of land |
| Traveling on an Emigrant Train by Robert Louis Stevenson (1879) | Account describing the difficult and crowded conditions experienced by immigrants traveling across the United States |
| William Graham Sumner on Social Darwinism (1880s) | Writing supporting the idea that competition and survival shaped society and that government should generally avoid interfering with economic competition |
| Chinese Exclusion Treaty (1880) | Agreement between the United States and China that allowed the United States to restrict Chinese immigration |
| Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) | Federal law that suspended Chinese immigration and became the first major U.S. law restricting immigration based on nationality |
| Texas Farmers' Revolt (1886) | Farmers' protest against economic problems such as low crop prices, debt, and high railroad and supply costs |
| Grover Cleveland's Veto of the Texas Seed Bill (1887) | Presidential veto in which Cleveland argued that the federal government should not provide direct financial aid to farmers |
| Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth (1889) | Essay arguing that wealthy people had a responsibility to use their fortunes to benefit society through philanthropy |
| Dispatch from a Mississippi Colored Farmers' Alliance (1889) | Primary source describing the organization and concerns of African American farmers in the South |
| Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890) | Book using photographs and descriptions to expose poverty and overcrowded living conditions in New York City |
| Hearing of the Women Suffrage Association before House Committee on the Judiciary (1892) | Primary source in which women's suffrage activists argued for women's right to vote |
| Jane Addams, “The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements” (1892) | Essay explaining why settlement houses were needed to help immigrants and poor urban communities |
| Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases (1892) | Ida B. Wells's work exposing lynching and challenging racist justifications for violence against African Americans |
| The Omaha Platform of the People's Party (1892) | Populist political platform supporting reforms such as free silver, government ownership of railroads, and a graduated income tax |
| Frederick Jackson Turner, “Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893) | Essay arguing that the American frontier strongly influenced American democracy, individualism, and national development |
| Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois on Black Progress (1895, 1903) | Debate over strategies for African American progress, with Washington emphasizing economic advancement and DuBois emphasizing immediate civil and political rights |
| The Cross of Gold Speech by William Jennings Bryan (1896) | Speech supporting free silver and criticizing the gold standard for hurting farmers and working people |
| What's the Matter With Kansas? by William Allen White (1896) | Editorial criticizing Kansas Populists and portraying their political ideas as harmful to the state's economy |
| How I Became a Socialist by Eugene Debs (1902) | Writing explaining Eugene Debs's development of socialist beliefs and his criticism of capitalism and economic inequality |