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Unit 1 Part 4 HA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | study of body structures | location: examines body parts and how they are arranged |
| Physiology | study of body functions | location: examines how body parts work |
| Structure determines function | an organism’s form helps determine what it can do | location: applies at every level of the body |
| Chemical level | level made of atoms and molecules | location: smallest organizational level in the body |
| Cellular level | level made of cells | location: cells are the basic living units of the body |
| Tissue level | level made of groups of similar cells working together | location: throughout the body |
| Organ level | level made of two or more tissues working together | location: examples include the heart, lungs, and stomach |
| Organ system level | level made of related organs working together | location: examples include the digestive and respiratory systems |
| Organismal level | a complete living individual | location: the entire human body |
| Homeostasis | maintenance of a stable internal environment within normal limits | location: occurs throughout the entire body |
| Feedback system | process that monitors, changes, and reevaluates body conditions | location: throughout the body |
| Receptor | body structure that detects a change and sends information to a control center | location: sensory structures throughout the body |
| Control center | structure that evaluates receptor input and decides on a response | location: often the brain or an endocrine gland |
| Effector | structure that receives instructions and produces a response | location: usually a muscle or gland |
| Negative feedback | response that reverses a change and returns conditions toward normal | location: example: sweating lowers body temperature |
| Positive feedback | response that strengthens a detected change | location: example: contractions intensify during childbirth |
| Symptom | a subjective change felt by a person that cannot be directly measured | location: example: pain, dizziness, or nausea |
| Sign | an objective change that can be observed or measured by a clinician | location: example: fever, rash, or high blood pressure |
| Anatomical position | standard reference posture: standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward | location: whole body |
| Supine | lying face up | location: back against a surface, face toward the ceiling |
| Prone | lying face down | location: chest and stomach against a surface |
| Ipsilateral | on the same side of the body | location: right arm and right leg are ipsilateral |
| Contralateral | on opposite sides of the body | location: right arm and left leg are contralateral |
| Intermediate | between two structures | location: the clavicle is intermediate between the sternum and shoulder |
| Brachial | relating to the arm | location: upper arm between shoulder and elbow |
| Cardiac (cardio-) | relating to the heart | location: chest, between the lungs |
| Cranial (crani-) | relating to the skull or head | location: head |
| Cutaneous (derm-) | relating to the skin | location: outer body surface |
| Ischial (ischi-) | relating to the hip joint | location: lower part of the pelvis |
| Muscular (myo-) | relating to muscle | location: muscles throughout the body |
| An- | without or absent | location: used at the beginning of medical terms |
| Ante- | before or in front of | location: used at the beginning of medical terms |
| Bi- | two | location: used at the beginning of medical terms |
| Arthro- | relating to a joint | location: joints throughout the body |
| Osteo- | relating to bone | location: bones throughout the body |
| Hyper- | above normal or excessive | location: used at the beginning of medical terms |
| Supra- | above | location: used at the beginning of medical terms |
| Hypo- | below normal or deficient | location: used at the beginning of medical terms |
| Infra- | below or under | location: used at the beginning of medical terms |
| Inter- | between | location: used at the beginning of medical terms |
| Peri- | around | location: used at the beginning of medical terms |
| -algia | pain | location: used at the end of medical terms |
| -itis | inflammation | location: used at the end of medical terms |
| -pathy | disease | location: used at the end of medical terms |
| Body cavity | internal space that contains and protects organs | location: inside the body, separated by bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures |
| Dissection | careful cutting apart of the body to examine structures | location: performed on a body or specimen |
| Medical imaging | noninvasive methods used to view internal body structures | location: used to examine structures inside the body |
| Radiography (X-ray) | imaging method using X-rays to create an image, especially of dense structures | location: commonly used to view bones and chest structures |
| Contrast dye | substance introduced into the body to make structures easier to see on an image | location: injected into or placed in body tissues or vessels |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | imaging method using a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images | location: especially useful for soft tissues and extremities |
| Proton | positively charged particle in an atom’s nucleus; hydrogen protons are used in MRI imaging | location: in atoms throughout the body |
| Computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) | imaging method using X-rays from multiple angles to build detailed cross-sectional images | location: useful for chest, abdomen, and acute injuries |
| Ionizing radiation | radiation energetic enough to damage cells and potentially increase cancer risk | location: produced during X-ray and CT imaging |
| Ultrasound scanning | imaging method using high-frequency sound waves reflected from body tissues | location: commonly used to view a fetus, blood vessels, and soft tissues |
| Positron emission tomography (PET scan) | imaging method using a small amount of radioactive material to show activity in cells | location: used to examine active tissues, including some cancers |
| Endoscopy | viewing the inside of an organ or body cavity using a lighted scope | location: inserted into body passages or cavities |
| Arthroscopy | endoscopy used to look inside a joint | location: joints such as the knee or shoulder |
| Integumentary system | organ system that protects the body, helps regulate temperature, makes vitamin D, and detects sensations | location: skin, hair, nails, and glands |
| Skeletal system | organ system that supports and protects the body, helps movement, stores minerals and fat, and produces blood cells | location: bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints |
| Muscular system | organ system that produces movement, stabilizes the body, and generates heat | location: skeletal muscles throughout the body |
| Nervous system | organ system that detects stimuli, processes information, and directs responses | location: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs |
| Endocrine system | organ system that uses glands and hormones to regulate growth, development, metabolism, and other body activities | location: glands throughout the body |
| Lymphatic/immune system | organ system that returns fluid and proteins to the blood, transports fats, and provides defense | location: lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus, and immune cells |
| Cardiovascular system | organ system that pumps blood, delivers nutrients, removes wastes, and helps regulate the body | location: heart and blood vessels |
| Respiratory system | organ system responsible for gas exchange and acid-base balance | location: lungs and air passages |
| Digestive system | organ system that breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste | location: mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, and related organs |
| Urinary system | organ system that removes liquid waste and regulates blood volume and composition | location: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra |
| Reproductive system | organ system that produces and stores gametes, releases hormones, and supports development of an embryo | location: male and female reproductive organs |
Created by:
khondakerr