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Plant Terminology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Disseminules | Detachable part of a plant that can grow to a new plant (seed, fruit, spore) |
| Pteridophytes | Vascular plant that reproduces with spores (ferns, horse-tails, club mosses) |
| Gymnosperms | Seeds stored in cones (evergreens) |
| Angiosperms | |
| Flowering plants | |
| Primary plant structures | Roots stem leaves |
| Reproductive plant structures | Flowers fruit cones sporangia |
| Biennial | Two year life cycle |
| Non-woody plants (herbaceous) | Forbs (herbs) vines |
| Woody plants | Trees shrubs Lianas |
| Semi-woody plants | Suffrutescent |
| Succulent | Fleshy |
| Prostrate | Laying on the ground |
| Decumbent | Bushy |
| Ascending | Bushy and more erect |
| Erect | Straight up and down |
| Caespitose | Clumped |
| Caulescent | Has a stem |
| Acaulescent | No stem (leaves come from single point at ground) |
| Aquatic | Submerged/floating |
| Aquatic-emergent | Bottom in water. Top out of water |
| Epiphyte | Grows on another plant |
| Achlorophyllous | Non-green |
| Glabrous | No hair |
| Glaucous | Powdery coating |
| Glandular | Gland-tipped hair |
| Glutinous | Sticky |
| Pubescent | Hairy |
| Sericeous | Soft long hair |
| Villous (villose) | Longer soft hairs |
| Hirsute | Longest soft hairs |
| Hispid | Stiff hairs |
| Tomentose | Hair everywhere |
| Lanate | Woolly |
| Canescent | Close to plant and everywhere |
| Farinose | Flowerlike |
| Stellate | Star-like hair |
| Pustulate | Like glandular but up side down |
| Prickles | Extension of plant cuticle |
| Taproot | Large thick root going straight down |
| Fiberous | Many small thin roots. Not deep |
| Adventitious roots | Originating from an unusual place (stem) |
| Aerial roots | Don’t reach the ground |
| Tuberous roots | Fleshy roots |
| Nodes | Section of growth (consists of internode leaf and axillary bud below internode |
| Internode | Space between nodes |
| Terminal bud | Apical (growing up) |
| Axillary bud | Offshoot bud |
| Scales (bud) | Protective layers for bud |
| Leaf scars | Where a leaf was |
| Rhizome | Modified horizontal stem just below surface- energy storage asexual has nodes |
| Stolon | Modified stem: like root/vine. Above ground. |
| Scape | Stem with one flower |
| Tendril | Vine like curly |
| Thorn | Like prickles but have nodes |
| Three modified stems used for energy storage | Bulb corm tuber |
| Basic leaf structure | Blade petiole stipules |
| Merosity | Number of parts in a whorl |
| Tepals | Petals/leaves that are doing something |
| Locule | Chamber/cavity of an organ |
| Calyx | Outer layer of whorl |
| Corolla | Second layer of whorl |
| Androecium | Third layer of whorl |
| Gynoecium pistil carpel | Forth (center) layer of whorl |
| Sepal | Single segment of Corolla or calyx (petal) |
| Pedicel | Small stalk connecting flower to stem |
| Receptacle | Where whorl attached to pedicel |
| Stamen | Male reproductive structure |
| Anthers | Top nob of stamen. Stores pollen grains. |
| Flament | Long thin stalk that supports anthers |
| Stigma | Top of pistol: Sticky platform that receives pollen from pollinators. |
| Style | Narrow section of of pistil: pathway for pollen |
| Ovary | Bottom part of pistil: houses ovules |
| Pinnately veined | Parallel venation |
| Palmately veined | Divided from a common point |
| Apex of leaf | Tip of leaf blade |
| Margin of leaf | Edge of middle leaf blade |
| Base of leaf | Bottom of leaf where it attaches to petiole |
| Adaxial face | Upper surface of leaf |
| Abaxial face | Lower surface of leaf |
| Simple leaf blade | Basic normal looking leaf structure |
| Compound: Rachis | Leaf with central stalk where leaflets terminate |
| Compound: Odd-pinnate | Single leaflets at tip |
| Compound: Even-pinnate | Pair of leaflets at tip of leaf |
| Bipinnate | Compound leaf with secondary leaflets |
| Palmate | Compound: leaflets originate from a single point. |
| Trifoliolate/Ternate | Thee leaflets |
| Petiolate | Leaf attaches by a petiole |
| Sessile | Leaf attaches directly stem |
| Sheathing | Part of leaf is hugging stem |
| Leaf arrangement: alternate | Alternating leaf placement on stem |
| Leaf arrangement: opposite | Leaves placed directly opposite to each other on stem |
| Leaf arrangement: Whorled | Thee or more leaves per node |
| Leaf arrangement: Basal rosette | Coming from the same spot out of the ground |
| Pinnate venation | Secondary veins coming off of center vein |
| Palmate venation | Net-like veins that originate from a single point |
| Parallel venation | Veins arranged parallel to each other |
| Elliptic leaf | Widest point at middle |
| Orbicular leaf | Round shaped elliptic leaf |
| Ovate leaf | Widest point below middle |
| Lanceolate | Long thin ovate leaf |
| Deltoid leaf | Heart shaped ovate leaf |
| Obovate leaf | Widest point above middle of leaf |
| Spathulate leaf | Spoon shaped obovate leaf |
| Oblong leaf | Margins parallel |
| Linear leaf | Long and skinny |
| Filiform leaf | Thread-like leaf |
| Peltate | Petiole coming from middle of the leaf |
| Entire leaf margin | Smooth |
| Serrate leaf margin | Saw toothed |
| Serrulate leaf margins | Very finely saw toothed |
| Doubly serrate leaf margin | Saw teeth on leaf have saw teeth |
| Crenate leaf margin | Round teeth |
| Dentate leaf margin | Large teeth |
| Spiny leaf margin | Leaf has spines |
| Lobed leaf margin | Very large teeth |
| Pinnately lobed leaf margin | Feather like projections along central axis |
| Pinnatifid leaf margin | Deeply cut projections along central axis |
| Palmately lobed leaf margin | Lobed leaf with veins coming from a central location |
| Palmatifid leaf margin | Deeply cut projections coming from central location |
| Hastate leaf margin | Like a spear head with a lateral projection on either side. |
| Lanciniate leaf margin | Irregularly cut |
| Lacerate leaf margin | Very irregularly cut |
| Dissected leaf margin | All over the place. |
| Bud scales | Modified leaves |
| Floral bracts | Looks like calyx but not (below calyx) |
| Spines | Leaves modified for protection |
| Tendrils | Vine-like leaves |
| Apex of leaf | Tip of leaf blade |
| Margin of leaf | Edge of middle leaf blade |
| Base of leaf | Bottom of leaf where it attaches to petiole |
| Adaxial face | Upper surface of leaf |
| Abaxial face | Lower surface of leaf |
| Simple leaf blade | Basic normal looking leaf structure |
| Compound: Rachis | Leaf with central stalk where leaflets terminate |
| Compound: Odd-pinnate | Single leaflets at tip |
| Compound: Even-pinnate | Pair of leaflets at tip of leaf |
| Bipinnate | Compound leaf with secondary leaflets |
| Palmate | Compound: leaflets originate from a single point. |
| Trifoliolate/Ternate | Thee leaflets |
| Petiolate | Leaf attaches by a petiole |
| Sessile | Leaf attaches directly stem |
| Sheathing | Part of leaf is hugging stem |
| Leaf arrangement: alternate | Alternating leaf placement on stem |
| Leaf arrangement: opposite | Leaves placed directly opposite to each other on stem |
| Leaf arrangement: Whorled | Thee or more leaves per node |
| Leaf arrangement: Basal rosette | Coming from the same spot out of the ground |
| Pinnate venation | Secondary veins coming off of center vein |
| Palmate venation | Net-like veins that originate from a single point |
| Parallel venation | Veins arranged parallel to each other |
| Elliptic leaf | Widest point at middle |
| Orbicular leaf | Round shaped elliptic leaf |
| Ovate leaf | Widest point below middle |
| Lanceolate | Long thin ovate leaf |
| Deltoid leaf | Heart shaped ovate leaf |
| Obovate leaf | Widest point above middle of leaf |
| Spathulate leaf | Spoon shaped obovate leaf |
| Oblong leaf | Margins parallel |
| Linear leaf | Long and skinny |
| Filiform leaf | Thread-like leaf |
| Peltate | Petiole coming from middle of the leaf |
| Entire leaf margin | Smooth |
| Serrate leaf margin | Saw toothed |
| Serrulate leaf margins | Very finely saw toothed |
| Doubly serrate leaf margin | Saw teeth on leaf have saw teeth |
| Crenate leaf margin | Round teeth |
| Dentate leaf margin | Large teeth |
| Spiny leaf margin | Leaf has spines |
| Lobed leaf margin | Very large teeth |
| Pinnately lobed leaf margin | Feather like projections along central axis |
| Pinnatifid leaf margin | Deeply cut projections along central axis |
| Palmately lobed leaf margin | Lobed leaf with veins coming from a central location |
| Palmatifid leaf margin | Deeply cut projections coming from central location |
| Hastate leaf margin | Like a spear head with a lateral projection on either side. |
| Lanciniate leaf margin | Irregularly cut |
| Lacerate leaf margin | Very irregularly cut |
| Dissected leaf margin | All over the place. |
| Bud scales | Modified leaves |
| Floral bracts | Looks like calyx but not (below calyx) |
| Spines | Leaves modified for protection |
| Tendrils | Vine-like leaves |
| Fruit | Mature ovary |
| Pericarp | Ovary wall |
| Exocarp | Outer layer of pericarp |
| Mesocarp | Middle layer of pericarp |
| Endocarp | Inner layer of pericarp |
| Sutures | Lines in fruit separating sections |
| Locules | Chamber in ovary |
| Septa | Membrane that separates locules |
| Placentae | Where eggs attach |
| Seed | Mature, fertilized ovule |
| Cotyledon | Energy storage for seed |
| Dehiscent pericarp | Splits along a natural seam |
| Indehiscent pericarp | Does not split at seam when mature |
| Four fruit types | Simple Aggregate Multiple Accessory |
| Simple fruit | From one flower with one ovary |
| Aggregate fruit | From one flower with many ovaries |
| Multiple fruits | Fusion of many flowers (inflorescence) |
| Accessory fruits | From non-ovarian tissues |
| Achene | Simple fruit: One-seeded fruit with dry, indehiscent pericarp |
| Samara | Winged achene (maple) |
| Caryopsis | Achene: Pericarp and seed coat fused (grains) |
| Cypsela | Achene: inferior ovary (sunflower seeds, dandelion) |
| Nut | Achene: woody pericarp, often surrounded by a cupule (≠ culinary nuts) |
| Follicle | Simple fruit (multi-seed, dry): Fruit dehiscing along one suture |
| Legume | Simple fruit (multi-seed, dry): Fruit dehiscing along two sutures |
| Capsule | Simple fruit (multi-seed, dry): Fruit dehiscence variable |
| Berry | Simple fruit (fleshy): multiseeded |
| Drupe | Simple fruit (fleshy): one-seeded berry with stony endocarp (pit) |
| Pepo | Simple fruit (fleshy): berry with firm exocarp (rind) |
| Hesperidium | Simple fruit (fleshy): leathery exocarp with oil glands, locules filled with juicy trichomes (citruses) |
| Pseudocarp | Accessory fruit: pedicel is fruit (?) |
| Syconium | Accessory fruit: receptacle forms fruit, inside-out flowers (figs) |
| Pome | Accessory fruit: thick fleshy hypanthium surrounding leathery core (apples, pears) |
| Hip | Accessory fruit: hypanthium forms hollow fleshy container enclosing multiple seed-like fruits |
| Bur | Accessory fruit (subtending bracts): rough, rough prickly, bristly |
| Perigynium | Accessory fruit (subtending bracts): smooth, bottle or sac-like. |
| Schizocarpic fruit | Dry fruit that splits into two or more segments |
| Mericarps | Individual segments of schizocarpic fruit |
| Strobili | Cones |
| Three cone types | Seed cone (female), pollen cone (male), spore cones |
| Sori | Clustered group of sporangia on underside of fern leaves. Functions like spore cones. |
| Systematics | Study of biological diversity and its phylogeny |
| Carrot family | Standardized name: Apiaceae Traditional: Umbelliferae |
| Palm family | Standardized: Arecaceae Traditional: Palmae |
| Sunflower | Standardized: Asteraceae Traditional: Compositae |
| Mustered family | Standardized: Brassicaceae Traditional: Cruciferae |
| Mangosteen family | Standardized: clusiaceae Traditional: Guttiferae |
| Legume family | Standardized: Fabaceae Traditional: Leguminosae |
| Mint family | Standardized: Lamiaceae Traditional: Labiatae |
| Grass family | Standardized: Poaceae Traditional: Gramineae |
| Holotype | Single specimen that fixes name of taxon |
| Isotype | Duplicate of the holotype |
| Syntype | Two or more specimens jointly designated as type. No holotype. |
| Lectotype | A single specimen chosen to be the type, if no holotype was selected, or it is missing. |
| Neotype | A new type chosen to replace the original type material, when it is missing or destroyed. |
Created by:
Amuldowney