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Cat Class Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does seasonally polyestrous mean | repeated estrous cycles for a portion of the year |
| Are cats long or short day breeders | long day breeders |
| More darkness causes what hormone to be produced more than when the nights are shorter | melatonin |
| How early can kittens hit puberty | 4 months |
| What does P4 (progesterone) accomplish | |
| What are the phases of the estrous cycle | Proestrus Estrus Postestrus/Interestrus Anestrus |
| The term "heat" is used to describe when the cat is between what 2 stages | Proestrus and estrus |
| How long is proestrus | Short |
| What behavior is typically seen during proestrus | attractive to male, will not allow mating; affectionate |
| What anatomical change occurs during proestrus | ovarian follicular growth |
| What hormone is high during proestrus | estrogen |
| Why is estrogen high during proestrus | follicles of ovaries make estrogen |
| Is there any vulvar discharge/"bleeding" during proestrus | no |
| How long does the estrus cycle last | Variable typically several days to 2 weeks |
| What behavior is seen during the estrus cycle | attractive to male, allows mating; affectionate |
| What anatomical change occurs during estrus | ovarian follicular growth |
| What hormone change occurs during estrus | estrogen production peaks |
| Is there any vulvar discharge/"bleeding" during estrus | no |
| What type of ovulators are cats | induced ovulators |
| How is ovulation induced | coitus can occasionally be spontaneous though |
| Adequate vaginal stimulation from mating causes what to occur | GnRH is released LH surges ovulation occurs |
| How many matings in what time period causes the best chance for ovulation to be induced | 4 matings in 2 hrs |
| What mating behavior is seen in the Tom | Tom mounts and grasps queen's neck |
| What mating behavior is seen in the queen | queen vocalizes with intromission once separated the queen licks and becomes aggressive |
| Can ovulation/mating occur during postestrus/interestrus | no |
| How long is postestrus/interestrus | days to week |
| What behavior is seen during postestrus/interestrus | not receptive to mating |
| What anatomical change occurs during postestrus/interestrus | follicular regression |
| What hormone change is seen during postestrus/interestrus | no estrogen or progesterone |
| What must occur for diestrus to occur | ovulation |
| How long is diestrus if pregnant | 2 months |
| How long is diestrus if not pregnant | 40-50 days |
| What behavior is seen during diestrus | not receptive to mating |
| What anatomical change is seen during diestrus | corpora lutea (after follicles ovulate, become CL) |
| What hormone change is seen during diestrus | progesterone |
| What causes progesterone to be produced during diestrus | CL |
| If estrus happens, but no ovulation occurs, what is the next phase that will occur | postestrus/interestrus |
| If estrus happens and ovulation does occur, but does not get pregnant, what phase will occur | diestrus |
| If estrus happens and ovulation does occur and does get pregnant, what phase will occur | diestrus |
| What is persistent estrus | repeating follicular waves with overlap estrogen induced signs of "heat" do not subside |
| Is persistent estrogen normal | yes |
| What medical problem can persistent estrogen rarely suggest | Ovarian neoplasia |
| What is ovarian neoplasia | Granulosa cell tumor (GCT) |
| How does ovarian neoplasia occur | exogenous hormone exposure |
| How long is anestrus | seasonal |
| What season(s) does anestrus occur | fall/winter |
| What behavior is seen during anestrus | not receptive to mating |
| What anatomical change occurs during anestrus | inactive ovaries |
| What hormonal change is seen during anestrus | no estrogen or progesterone |
| Is there vaginal cornification during anestrus | no |
| What is CL dependent for during pregnancy | bring pregnancy to term |
| What from the placenta is used as part of the diagnostic tests to confirm pregnancy | relaxin |
| Can queens show estrus during pregnancy | yes |
| What is superfecundation | one litter can have more than 1 father |
| How can a litter have multiple fathers | some oocytes fertilized by one male and then another |
| What is the length of gestation range | 56-62-71 days |
| What is the average length of gestation | 65-67 days |
| When do the mammary gland changes during pregnancy | 3 weeks |
| How do the mammary glands/nipples change during pregnancy | pinker and more prominent |
| What temperaments suggest pregnancy | more docile, mammary glands change, enlarged abdomen |
| By __-___ weeks, mammary gland changes and enlarged abdomen is obvious | 6-7 weeks |
| After how many weeks does pregnancy become palpable | over 2 weeks |
| How many weeks along for nodules to become 2-2.5 cm in diameter | 2.5 weeks |
| At how many weeks can you palpate and feel an enlarged uterus | 3.5 weeks |
| At how many weeks can you palpate and feel fetal heads | 7 weeks |
| About how early can you see fetal development on ultrasound after mating | 2.5 weeks post mating |
| When can 2mm anechoic vesicles be seen via ultrasound in a pregnant queen | 9 days |
| Beyond how many days can a fetal heartbeat be seen on an ultrasound | 16 days or older |
| When are limb buds seen on a fetal kitten via ultrasound | 20 days |
| When is the bladder formed/seen in a fetal kitten | 30 days |
| When are the kidneys formed/seen in a fetal kitten | 40 days |
| When is the renal cortex and medulla seen/formed in a fetal kitten | 50 days |
| _____ from ______ may be used as a diagnostic test for pregnancy | Relaxin from placenta |
| When is the relaxin from placenta able to be used for a diagnostic pregnancy test | 28 days gestation |
| What can be tested for the diagnostic pregnancy test for relaxin | serum and urine |
| How many days gestation does it take to see the calcification of the skull and other parts via radiology | 38-43 days |
| How many days does it take for the fetal molars to calcify to be seen on rads | 56-63 days |
| What can be seen in rads that can help estimate gestational age | crown rump length |
| How far along in gestation should you switch the pregnant queen to kitten chow | 2/3 gestation |
| Why should you switch to kitten chow for the pregnant queen towards the end of the pregnancy | Needs taurine |
| How much more maintenance should a pregnant queen get during her second trimester (4-6 weeks) | 1.5x maintenance |
| How much more maintenance should a pregnant queen get during her last trimester (after 6 weeks) | 2x maintenance |
| What is stage 1 of parturition | nesting, pacing, purring |
| A queen's parturition is thought to be similar to what other animal | sheep |
| What is stage 2 of parturition | Queen may cry out with fetal passage |
| How long can stage 2 of parturition last | several hours to a day |
| What is stage 3 of parturion | fetal membrane expulsion |
| Is dystocia common in felines | no, its relatively rare |
| When is feline dystocia more common (Still rare but more likely to happen) | Queening at night or many breaks/pauses |
| What breeds are more likely to have dystocia occur | Devon Rex Cats with short and long headed/nosed breeds |
| What are common reasons for feline infertility | Estrous cycle issues Infections Anatomical issues Chromosomal/Genetic issues |
| What is true about proestrus in the Queen? It is short and may not even be observed. The queen will not let the tom mate with her. They have no vulvar discharge or “bleeding”. All of the above. | All the above |
| In which of the following phases of estrus is the queen not receptive to mating? Postestrus or Interestrus Anestrus Diestrus All of the above. | All |
| If a queen has a pseudopregnancy, her diestrus period will be shorter (~40d) than a diestrus period with a real pregnancy (~60d). True or False? | True |
| Which of the following is true about queens? They can show estrus during pregnancy. A litter of kittens can have more than one father. They have a Zonary placenta. All of the above. | All |
| Which is true about feline repro induced ovulators, meaning mating induces ovulation. For best chance of ovulation, 4 mating's in a 2 hour period. During intromission the Tom will mount the Queen and grab her neck and she will vocalize. All | All |
| Which of the following could be possible infertility problems in the cat: Part of their reproductive tract didn’t grow properly in utero. They could have tumors or cysts on their ovaries. There could be chromosomal or genetic issues. All | All |
| Which of the following is true about parturition in the queen: The queen can stop and start stage 2 during parturition. There are 3 stages to parturition. Dystocia is more common in certain breeds of cats than others. All of the above. | All |
| If you noticed that your cat has mammary gland changes, nipples are pinker and more prominent and she is more docile, which of the following best describes her state: Proestrus Estrus Anestrus Pregnant | Pregnant |
| Penile spines on the Tom cat are testosterone dependent, meaning that if there is no testosterone, they will not have penile spines. True or False? | True |
| When one testis is retained in the abdomen of the cat they are completely infertile. True or False? | False |
| You can retrieve sperm from a Tom cat by inserting a catheter into their penis. True or False? | True |
| Which of the following is true about the GonaCon GnRH Vaccine. This vaccine is given to Tom cats to try and purposely cause infertility. It decreases testosterone production. It causes testicular and penile spine atrophy. All of the above. | All |
| The GnRH vaccination doesn’t have any effect on Queen fertility. True or False? | False |
| If a tom is castrated what happens to the penile spines | the penile spines atrophy |
| Penile barbs are dependent on what hormone | testosterone |
| How long does it take for the penile barbs to completely regress after castration | 5-6 weeks |
| What are some reasons for mating failure/infertility in toms | penile hair rings Mate preference Karyotype or intersex issues (ex: calico or tortie) cryptorchidism Orchitis- Bacterial (trauma/bites) FIP- peritonitis surrounding testes |
| What are some nutritional reasons for testicular degeneration/atrophy | Riboflavin or EFA linoleate deficiency excess or deficiency of vitamin A |
| What does the GonaCon GnRH Vaccine cause in toms after being vaccinated | decreases in testosterone testicular and penile spine atrophy |
| What does the GonaCon GnRH Vaccine cause in females who are vaccinated | Did not achieve pregnancy |
| What percent of cats ovulate after first mating | 50% |
| How many matings does it take for 100% of all queens to ovulate | 4+ matings |
| What history/management should be known about a queen or tom | Vax history hygiene knowledge of the staff/owner |
| What is looked at during an initial examination for a queen? | General physical exam Reproductive exam Ultrasound of ovaries and uterus karyotyping |
| What should be assessed on an exam with tom | Testosterone dependent spines Penis Prostate Bulbourethral glands |
| Which way does a tom's penis point until erect | caudally |
| Is a single vaginal cytology swab likely to cause an LH surge | no |
| How often should you recheck a vaginal cytology swab for estrus | 2-3 days |
| Over ___% of cells must be cornified to show _____ | 70%; estrus |
| What are the two ways to detect estrus | Behavior and cytology |
| How long should a queen in ovulation be placed with a tom if trying to get her pregnant | 2 weeks |
| less than ____ ng/ml means ____ ovulation | 2ng/ml; no |
| When should a serum progesterone test be done after mating with a male | 2-3 weeks |
| If breeding between the tom and queen does not occur what are two things that can be done. (regarding the tom) | switching the tom out for another Separate the queen and tom for 1 week and try the same tom again |
| If mating may not occur ensure _____ prior to introduction. | estrus |
| What are two ways you can ensure estrus prior to introducing the queen to the tom | low progesterone cornified cytology |
| What are 4 reasons mating may not occur between a queen and tom | 1. ensuring estrus prior to introduction 2. Incompatibility with a male 3. unsure of surroundings 4. Season |
| What are some ways you can fix the surroundings if the surroundings are the problem | moving the queen to tom's area is best might need to switch the shy female |
| What are some ways you can alter the "season" if cats are kept indoors | change the lighting length |
| What treatment can be given to the queen if she is persistently receptive but unable to get pregnant | induce ovulation |
| If a queen is persistently receptive but not able to get pregnant what mating behavior should you ensure from the tom | the tom achieves intromission |
| How can you tell when a tom achieves intromission | Mating cry female becomes aggressive to the male queens rolls and begins grooming herself before becoming receptive again |
| What should you check for in a queen if she is ovulating but not pregnant | confirm with a progesterone test Urine pathology |
| When doing a progesterone test to see why a queen is not getting pregnant despite ovulating what does this until | Continue running test until progesterone deceases (roughly 45 days) |
| What treatment should occur if a queen is ovulating but not getting pregnant | wait for natural estrus Rule out that she is actually pregnant |
| Follicular cysts tend to form on what type of follicle | Mature or atertic follicles |
| Frequency of follicular cysts increases with what | age |
| What symptom(s) are seen from a queen who has follicular cysts | prolonged estrus behavior |
| Why do follicular cysts prolong estrus behavior | it produces estrogens |
| How can you confirm a follicular cyst | ultrasound |
| What is the treatment for follicular cysts | Induce luteinizaiton or surgical resection |
| What is the most common thing that you see in cat uterine pathology | CEH Cystic Endometrial hyperplasia |
| What causes CEH in cats | Prolonged exposure to progesterone in absence of pregnancy |
| What is the only way to definitively diagnose a CEH | Uterine biopsy |
| What is hyperplasia | Endometrium lining is thickened and overgrown |
| What can Endometrial hyperplasia stimulate | Inflammatory reaction |
| When the hyperplastic endometrium accumulates secretions this does what | provides a medium for bacteria to grow on |
| bacterial contamination associated with hyperplastic endometrium leads to what accumulating | purulent materials in the lumen |
| Accumulation of purulent materials in the lumen can eventually become | pyometra |
| True or False: pyometra in the cat causes them to be sicker when compared to a dog | false |
| When a queen has an open pyometra what types of signs/symptoms will she show | general signs: depressed, anorexic, febrile and vaginal discharge will be seen |
| True or False: all cats will show all signs associated with a pyometra | False: some will only show vaginal discharge |
| What is the average age for a cat to get pyometra | 5 years |
| Is pyometra able to be medically managed? | Yes |
| What drugs are typically used to medically manage pyometra | Dinoprost Enrofloxin |
| Fertility is possible to return after a pyometra based on... | age of cat breeding history |
| How often should ultrasounds be done when monitoring a pyometra while it is being medically managed | daily |
| If you want to induce ovulation use a ____ dose of hCG at roughly ____-_____ IU IM | lower; hCG; 200-250 |
| If you want to use GnRH instead of hCG what is the correct dose (in micrograms) | 25 micrograms IM |
| How many hours after using GnRH or hCG should you inseminate the queen | 28-30 hrs |
| Ovulation induction should be done on day ___ of 4 of estrus | 3 |
| Why should you wait for day 3 of 4 to induce ovulation | to allow follicles to grow large enough to be receptive |
| True or False: You can induce an estrus period on a queen not in estrus. | true |
| True or False: In order to induce an estrus period she must be in her inner estrus period (between her two estrus periods) | true |
| How long is the inner estrus period typically | 8 or 9 days |
| Why can a queen not be in diestrus if you are wanting to induce an estrus period | She already has a CL where the follicles were which causes high progesterone |
| What are the two medications used to induce estrus in a non-estrus queen | eCG and hCG |
| What is the dose used of eCG in a non-estrus queen to induce ovulation | 100 IU |
| Following the dose of eCG, what is the dose used of hCG then administered to the same queen | 75 IU |
| How long should you wait between giving eCG and hCG | 85 hrs |
| After giving the dose of hCG how long should you wait before inseminating the queen. **FOR NON-ESTRUS OVULATION | 31-33 hrs |
| Cats are short day breeders, meaning that they cycle when the days are short. True or False? | False |
| Which of the following exams could be done on an initial examination of the cat before breeding them? General physical Reproductive examination Karyotyping All of the above | All |
| When over ______ of the cells are cornified on a vaginal cytology swab in the cat, it indicates that the cat is in estrus and should be receptive to the male. 30% 50% 60% 70% | 70 |
| What things could you try if breeding between the queen and tom does not occur? Check prostaglandin levels Put the two cats back in with each other immediately Try another male All of the above | Try another male |
| When using urethral catheterization for semen collection ____ sedation is required | heavy |
| How many cm should the catheter be put into the tom cat for ureteral catheterization in regards to semen collection | 8-9 cm |
| What type of anesthesia is used for semen collection using electroejaculation | general |
| Correct probe placement for electroejaculation is checked by making sure ___ ___ react equally | hind feet |
| What is true about cystic ovarian disease in the queen? The frequency decreases with age You can confirm the disease by ultrasonography You should perform a uterine biopsy to remove the ovarian cysts All of the above | You can confirm the disease by ultrasonography |
| If a queen is about 5 years of age, has a distended uterus, they may or may not look a little depressed or perhaps anorexic and they have vaginal discharge, there is a good chance they have _______________. | Pyometra |
| Where should you make your incision for a spay in a kitten or an adult cat? Anywhere between the mammary glands Caudal to the umbilicus Cranial to the umbilicus Anywhere along the midline | Caudal to the umbilicus |
| Are these the steps from incision to exposing uterine horn? Trim the linea until you can visualize the subcutaneous tissue, trim through the subcutaneous tissue and then use your spay hook to grab the uterine horn. | No |
| Are these the steps from incision to exposing uterine horn? Trim away the subcutaneous tissue and fat and then use your spay hook to grab the uterine horn. | No |
| Are these the steps from incision to exposing uterine horn? Trim away subcutaneous tissue and fat until you can visualize the linea. cut through linea, extend incision a little on either side of the incision site and use spay hook to grab uterine horn. | Yes |
| Are these the steps from incision to exposing uterine horn? Trim away the subcutaneous tissue and fat until you can visualize the uterine horn, extend incision a little on either side of the incision site and then use spay hook to grab uterine horn. | No |
| What do you need to look for when you grab the uterine horn with your spay hook to ensure that you do actually have the uterine horn? Uterine body Ureter Kidney Ovary | Ovary |
| When you pull the testical out during a feline neuter how many “pops” does Dr. Isaza say you should feel? None 1 2 3 | 2 |
| After you grab the uterine horn with your spay hook and make 100% sure that you have the uterine horn, where will you place your first clamp? On the proper ligament On the uterine body On the ovary tissue On the suspensory ligament | On the proper ligament |
| Your incision site for a kitten spay will only be about _____ cm long. 1 2 3 4 | 1 |
| Why did Dr. Isaza say the uterus in the adult feline spay video extremely turgid? It was an older cat The cat had a uterine abnormality The cat was sick The cat was in heat | The cat was in heat |
| If you leave any part of the ovary in the female cat, it can revascularize and they will develop an ovarian remnant. True or False? True False | True |
| What semen collection method almost always acquires semen (very reliable) | Electroejaculation |
| What semen collection method is the most practical collection method for clinical settings | Urethral catheterization |
| What semen collection method obtains a full ejaculate and collections can be obtained repeatedly | Artificial vagina |
| When you are going to breed a queen with artificial insemination, you will want to induce ovulation on day ________ after she comes into heat. 1 or 2 2 or 3 3 or 4 5 or 6 | 3 or 4 |
| Define animal behavior | scientific study of what animals do and how they interact with each other and their environment |
| What are the categories of behavior | Feeding, Social, Maternal, Development/learning, sexual/reproductive, abnormal |
| What are the two stimuli that affects behavior | Internal and external |
| What are examples of internal stimuli | GEDAP Genetics, Experience,Development, Anatomy, Physiology |
| What are examples of external stimuli | Social, environmental, senses |
| Define natural selection | Breeding improves fitness and survival |
| Define artificial selection | Selective breeding for particular traits |
| Were cats domesticated by humans, or were they domesticated by themselves | The domesticated themselves- developed a mutual relationship with humans and have not undergone the same selective breeding that dogs have |
| How many different breeds are present from breeding in recent years? | 71 |
| When and where did cats start living near resources (typically farming and fishing villages) | 10,000 ya Near East |
| When was the "second phase" seen where the first evidence of cats living was pets was seen | 5,000 years ago |
| What is the most common cause of euthanasia in pet cats | Behavioral problems |
| Why is knowledge of a specific breed's behaviors important | For handling and restraining them first sign of disease is typically a change in behavior |
| Why should a vet's screening questions be related to the cat's behavior | Learn behavior is normal to know what behavior is abnormal Could a behavior problem connect to a medical problem |
| What are some examples of behavioral questions a vet should ask | Does cat urinate/defecate outside the box? Does cat have fearful behaviors that concern you? Does your cat have destructive behaviors, such as scratching or chewing objects in the home Has there been any changes in your cat’s behavior or disposition |
| What type of range does a cat have for the auditory world | Broad range |
| Do cats have terrible low light vision and can only see well during the day. | No- they have excellent low light vision |
| What is crepuscular | Hunting at twilight |
| How important is olfaction to cats | very |
| What sense plays the biggest role in cat communication | olfaction |
| List all the ways cats communicate with one another | scent markings, scratching, rubbing/biting vocalizations |
| List normal behaviors to cats | Social, Predatory, Eliminative, scratching, Reproductive/maternal, developmental/learning |
| Do cats have a flexible or rigid social system in free-living domestic cats | flexible |
| What does the social system of cats rely on | access to resources preferred associate relationships prioritize territory over social interaction |
| What are some ways of Olfactory Communication that cats show | Allorubbing Allogrooming Flank rubbing |
| Changes/disturbances in olfactory environment contributes to ____ problems | behavior |
| Does play aggression always require intervention | no |
| When should you intervene on play aggression | occurrence of injury or refusal to play |
| Examples of non-play aggression | territorial defense, self-defense, resource guarding |
| Some cats will tolerate each other until _________ encounters occur | face-to-face |
| Integrating a cat into a group of free-living cats can take ________ | several weeks |
| What is step 1 of introducing a new cat to another cat | Set up environment for new cat and create positive associations with this space for existing cats |
| What is step 2 of introducing a new cat to another cat | Exchange scents between cats and allowing new cat to explore |
| Examples of ways you can exchange scents of cats | Swap bedding Allow exploring of opposite spaces |
| What is step 3 of introducing a new cat to another cat | Visual contact |
| Examples of visual contact when introducing a new cat | No signs of aggression during other steps Transparent doors, carriers, harness short and end on good note |
| What is step 4 of introducing a new cat to another cat | Physical supervised access |
| What is step 5 of introducing a new cat to another cat | free access, short periods |
| What are two environmental modification's that should be done when having 2 or more cats | Decentralize location of resources and the amount Have specific areas of feeding, elimination and playing |
| What are some behavioral issues that can be caused by cat to cat aggressions | Redirected aggression fear-related aggression elimination issues |
| What are some examples of medical issues that can likely cause aggressions with no previous history | Hormonal dysfunction (hyperthyroidism) Infectious disease (rabies) Pain (arthritis) Neurological problems (seizures) Metabolic problems (liver dysfunction) |
| What are two very common aggressive behaviors seen in cats | Misdirected predatory behavior Petting-related aggression |
| What are two common aggressive behaviors seen in cats | Fear-related aggression redirected aggression |
| What is a less common aggressive behavior seen in cats | Maternal aggression |
| How many meals does a cat eat a day in the wild | 10-20 small meals |
| Do cats eat a few big meals or a lot of small meals throughout the day | a lot of small meals |
| Will cats hunt even if they arent hungry | yes |
| What are some behaviors involved in hunting | Stalking chasing catching biting |
| When is misdirected predatory behavior most common | younger cats and early weaned cats Not enough stimulation/enrichment single-cat households rough play indoor cats Bengal cats |
| What are some ways to treat misdirected predatory behavior | put on a leash and monitor outdoors introduce them to other animals as kittens encourage playing with toys instead of owner's body |
| What % of aggressive behaviors are linked to petting aggression | 40% |
| What are some body signals of petting aggression | becomes tense rotate and flatten ears whip tail around |
| What are some causes of petting aggression | motivational conflict low contact tolerance potentially painful |
| What are some ways to reduce petting aggression | decrease contact interpret body language positive reinforcement |
| What are two causes of fear-related aggression | inadequate socialization previous traumatic experience |
| What is the first step of preventing fear | recognizing fear |
| What are the 4 main responses of fear aggression | Freeze(hide/crouch) Fiddle/fidget flight fight (last resort) |
| What are some causes of redirected aggression | underlying stress loud noises other cats improper socialization cat returning from vet dogs/other pets |
| What causes maternal aggression | poor socialization |
| What are 3 ways to eliminate waste | Squat urination defecation urine spraying |
| How often does a normal cat urinate a day | 2x |
| How often does a normal cat defecate a day | 1x |
| Scratching behavior is innately used to.... | Groom claws Leave scent or visual markers stretch muscles |
| What are some causes of destructive scratching | No appropriate item to scratch on social tension scent marking |
| How to discourage scratching | wash the warm water to remove scent remove cat from area cover with blankets, foils, furniture shields trim nails regularly |
| Do males belonging to the same colony fight to breed | no |
| Do females prefer males within the colony then outside the colony | yes |
| Describe how females within a colony co-parent | assist each other during parturition and raising young hide kittens when born to protect them |
| Do the males or the queen maintain the social group | queens |
| Describe animal welfare | using/keeping animals under humane conditions (health, safety, psychological wellness) |
| Describe animal rights | viewpoints that animals have the same rights as humans and should not be used/kept for any purpose |
| Why do we care about cat welfare | accurate understanding of cat behavior means fewer behavioral problems |
| What are the 5 freedoms | 1. Freedom from hunger or thirst 2. Freedom from discomfort 3. Freedom from pain, injury or disease 4. Freedom to express (most) normal behavior 5. Freedom from fear or distress |
| What are the three views on animal welfare | Basic health and functioning Natural living Affective state |
| What are basic animal needs | Food, water, nutrition, shelter, good health |
| What is the ideal body score (1-9) | 5 |
| What is environmental enrichment | allows for highly motivated natural behaviors to be expressed |
| Types of enrichment | Social, physical, sensory, nutritional |
| Which of the following are internal stimuli that affect cat behavior? Genetics Anatomy All of the above. Experience | All of the above |
| What is true about social behavior in cats? They prioritize social interaction over territory. All of the above. They have a social hierarchy that relies on preferred associate relationships. They are a solitary species. | They have a social hierarchy that relies on preferred associate relationships. |
| Which of the following could lead to misdirected predatory behavior in cats? Cats that are weaned early. Playing rough with your cat. All of the above. Cats that do not receive enough stimulation or enrichment. | All of the above |
| assess welfare problem/issue, then identify what issues the cat is highly motivated to perform finally testing if behavior is allowed to be performed if welfare problems disappear is an example of forward approach of animal welfare. True or False? | false |
| Poor health is related to poor welfare and good health always means good welfare. True or False? | False |
| When is a good time to introduce cats to people in order to reduce their fear? 1-2 weeks of age Any time after 9 weeks of age 2-3 weeks of age 3-9 weeks of age | 3-9 weeks of age |
| Different cat breeds can show different personalities that affect behavior. True or False? | True |
| When introducing a cats to one another you should... You should give them free access to each other for short periods of time first, and if that doesn’t work then try physical supervised access next. True or false | False |
| When introducing a cats to one another you should... If aggression occurs, punishment shouldn’t be used, just interference. | True |
| When introducing a cats to one another you should... Just put the cats together, if they are going to get along, they will do so in just a short period of time | False |
| A cat opens its mouth slightly after sniffing an area and holds it open for several seconds. This behavior is called: Bunting Flehmen response Chattering Urine marking | Flehmen response |
| A cat repeatedly rubs its cheeks and chin against its owner's legs. What is the primary purpose of this behavior? Grooming itself Stretching muscles Preparing to hunt Depositing scent signals | Depositing scent signals |
| How is tail wagging in cats generally interpreted compared to dogs? It usually indicates friendliness. It commonly denotes tension or irritation It indicates a willingness to play It always indicates fear | It commonly denotes tension or irritation |
| Which of the following is considered a normal reason for scratching behavior in cats? To groom their claws To communicate through scent marking All of the above To stretch muscles | All of the above |
| One of the Five Freedoms is the freedom to express normal behaviors. True or False | True |
| A cat repeatedly urinates on a vertical wall while standing with its tail erect. This behavior is most likely: Inappropriate elimination Territorial scent marking A sign of litter-box preference Fear-related elimination | Territorial scent marking |
| Monitoring body condition and score is an example of what welfare term | Basic health and functioning |
| Providing scratching posts and climbing structures is an example of what welfare term | Natural Living |
| Cat resting comfortably and engaging in play is an example of what welfare term | Positive Affective State |
| Food puzzle feeder requiring effort to obtain food is an example of what welfare term | Nutritional enrichment |
| Cat bites after tolerating only brief physical contact is what aggression type | Petting aggression |
| Cat attacks owner after becoming aroused by another stimulus is what aggression type | Redirected aggression |
| Cat attacks when escape options are limited is what aggression type | Fear-Related Aggression |
| Mother protects newborn kittens is what aggression type | Maternal Aggression |
| Are genetics an internal or external stimuli | Internal |
| Is social an internal or external stimuli | External |
| Are senses an internal or external stimuli | external |
| Are experiences an internal or external stimuli | internal |
| Allorubbing, allogrooming and flank rubbing are considered types of visual communication for cats. True or False | False |
| You can get more information from a cat about how they are feeling from their body language rather than their vocalizations. True or False | True |
| Changes and/or disturbances in olfactory environment do not contribute to behavior problems in cats. True or False | False |
| SPCA shelters around the country are all regulated in the same manner. Is this statement true or false? | False |
| The first residency in Shelter Medicine was in: 1868 1965 2001 2015 | 2001 |
| The foundation of a well-functioning animal shelter is built upon: Animal welfare Animal Health The client, who wants to adopt the pet. All of the above. | Animal welfare |
| The role, and what veterinary doctors do on a daily basis, is fairly consistent from one animal shelter to another animal shelter. Is this statement true or false? | False |
| When using Problem-Oriented Approach to Shelter Assessments, looking at numbers and metrics: “What is the average length of stay in shelter” or “how many animals does the shelter house each day, month and year?” is what part of the “S-O-A-P” model? | Objective |
| Smart Goals are part of the Problem-Oriented based plan. Which of the following are Smart Goals? Specific and Measurable Achievable and Relevant Time bound All of the above. | All of the above |
| “Open Door Veterinary Care” is a program similar to Medicaid for pets. An option for low-income pet owners to be sent to veterinary practices to be seen with low fees. True or False? | False |
| Providing sufficient space, facilities, and company of the animal’s own kind fulfills what 5 freedoms of animal welfare Freedom from discomfort Freedom from pain, injury or disease Freedom to express normal behavior Freedom from fear and distress | Freedom to express normal behavior |
| The first humane animal shelter was started during which Era in the United States? Prohibition Era Reconstruction Era Stock Market Crash Era of the early 1900’s Revolutionary War Era | Reconstruction Era |
| Traditional veterinary medicine focuses on wildlife populations, while shelter medicine focuses on companion animals. True or False | False |
| Traditional veterinary medicine focuses on individual animals, while shelter medicine focuses on populations of animals under shelter care. True or False | true |
| Traditional veterinary medicine focuses on surgery, while shelter medicine focuses on preventive medicine. True or False | False |
| Traditional veterinary medicine focuses on livestock, while shelter medicine focuses on dogs and cats only. True or False | false |
| Who founded the first humane animal shelter in the United States in 1868? Henry Bergh Kate Hurley Carolyn Earle White Rich Avanzino | Carolyn Earle White |
| Which event contributed to development of modern shelter medicine evidence-based Publication of Asilomar Accords in 2004 Creation of ASPCA in 1866 Passage of 14th Amendment in 1868 Formation of New York Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children | Publication of the Asilomar Accords in 2004 |
| In the shelter systems model described in the lecture, which of the following are the three major components? Intake, treatment, adoption Rescue, rehabilitation, release Intake, shelter, outcomes Examination, surgery, discharge | Intake, shelter, outcomes |
| A shelter determines that infectious disease rates are excessively high. According to the SOAP process, identifying this issue represents which step? Subjective Objective Assessment Plan | Assessment |
| Institutional hoarding occurs when a shelter: Transfers too many animals to rescue groups. Focuses exclusively on behavioral enrichment. Attempts to save animals w/o maintaining adequate welfare and quality of life Use foster homes extensively | Attempts to save animals without maintaining adequate welfare and quality of life |
| Which of the following careers was identified as a potential role within shelter medicine or animal sheltering? Shelter Veterinarian Certified Animal Welfare Administrator Animal control officer All of the above | All of the above |
| The five freedoms for animal welfare provide: The maximum standards that must be met in the animal shelter. minimum standards must be met in the animal shelter. ideal standards must be met in the animal shelter They not good standards to use | The minimum standards that must be met in the animal shelter. |
| what is the focus of traditional vet med | on individual animal that comes in with an owner |
| What is the focus of shelter med | population of animals in care of the shelter |
| When did the animal sheltering begin | mid to late 1800s |
| In the 19th century animal control existed to fill what public health need | controlling loose livestock and rabid packs of dogs |
| When was the first humane shelter founded and where | 1868 in Pennsylvania |
| Who is Henry Bergh | Father of animal protection movement |
| What are canine teeth used for | gripping |
| What are molars or premolars used for | cutting |
| Are cats sprinters or long distance runners | sprinters |
| Do both cats and dogs have the low oxidative fast twitch muscle fibers | no - only cats |
| True or false: only dogs have the capacity to burn oxygen in their muscles on a long term basis | true |
| Cats primarily use anaerobic metabolism to sprint | true |
| What is an essential nutrient | nutrient that the animal cannot synthesize in sufficient quantities |
| What are the 3 major nutrients | Protein, carbs, fat |
| What % of a cats diet is made up of mammals | 77 |
| What % of a cats diet is made up of birds | 16 |
| What % of a cats diet is made up of reptiles | 4 |
| What % of a cats diet is made up of Invertebrates | 0.5 |
| What % of a cats diet is made up of fish, carrion, etc | 2 |
| how many calories a day does a wild cat consume | 300 |
| how many calories a day does a pet cats consume | 200 |
| What are the major nutrients that make up a cat's diet | Crude protein crude fat carbohydrates |
| How many protein makes up a cat's diet | 149 g/Mcal |
| How many fat makes up a cat's diet | 54 g/Mcal |
| How many carbs makes up a cat's diet | 7 g/Mcal |
| What is the overall size of the stomach | small and simple |
| What is the overall size of the small intestine | long |
| What is the overall size of the large intestine | short |
| The organs of a cat are designed to digest (very or not very) digestible things | very |
| True or false: vegetation is easily digestible | false |
| What is the equation to calculate the resting energy expenditure (kcal ME/d)? | 70 * W(kg)^(0.75) |
| Describe the digestion and absorption of proteins | turned into AA and short peptides and then is absorbed |
| Volatile fatty acids comes from | proteins and carbohydrates |
| Why are volatile fatty acids important | health of the large intestine and microbes of the body |
| Approximately how much does a 4kg cat require according to the resting energy expenditure equation | 200 +- 40% |
| Do cats require vitamin C? | no |
| What are the essential nutrients required in a cat's diet | protein source (for AA) calorie source (protein,fat, carbs) undigested carbs and protein (VFA) |
| List the macro minerals required for a cat's diet | Ca, P, Na, K, Mg |
| List the trace minerals required for a cat's diet | Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Mn, I |
| List the fat soluble vitamins required for a cat's diet | A, D, E, K |
| List the water soluble vitamin required for a cat's diet | B |
| Why do cats have unique requirements for their diet | pure carnivores that have several small meals a day that are high protein, high fat, low carb |
| What AA are unique requirements for a cat | taurine, arginine |
| What fatty acid is a unique requirement for cats | Arachidonic acid |
| List non AA or FA essential nutrients that are unique to cat's diet | retinol **preformed Vitamin D **preformed Niacin (vitamin B3) |
| Why do cats have an increased protein requirement compared to dogs | unable to down-regulate enzymes to catabolize AA |
| What teeth do cats use for cutting meat/food/prey? Canine Incisors Molars and Pre-molars Humane | Molars and Pre-molars |
| Cat diets are made up of an equal variety of protein, fat and carbohydrates. True or False? | False |
| What cycle is Arginine really important in? Krebs cycle Glycolysis Urea Ornithine | Urea |
| If cats do not get enough Taurine, (Taurine deficiency) what happens to them? Urea Toxicities Increased Synthesis of other Amino Acids Incidents of more Bile production in stomachs Retinal Degeneration and Blindness | Retinal Degeneration and Blindness |
| Why do cats have a special need for Arachidonic Acid (AA)? They eat too much fish They do not eat enough mice They are not very good at synthesizing it, so they need Omega 3 fatty acids don't actually have a need for Arachidonic Acid (AA) | They are not very good at synthesizing it, so they need Omega 3 fatty acids |
| Why is Gluco-kinase important? No liver function without it Prevents the secretion of insulin You cannot control your glucose production within the blood and cells All of the above. | You cannot control your glucose production within the blood and cells |
| What is the one really important difference between dogs and cats when it comes to digestion and metabolism? Cats are sprinters Dogs are sprinters Cats are long distance runners Dogs are not long distance runners | Cats are sprinters |
| What is the definition of an essential nutrient nutrient that cannot synthesize in sufficient quantities nutrient readily available through normal diets nutrient can only be found in vitamins | It is a nutrient that the animal cannot synthesize in sufficient quantities |
| The differences among pet foods are rather large, so check the labels. | false |
| All dog food has what percentage of moisture? 10% 25% 30% 75-80% | 10 |
| Which of the following different types of pet food is/are available for cats? Dry Canned Raw food All of the above. | All |
| What is dry food mostly made in? Extruder Intruder Rotator Flat Blade | Extruder |
| Which of the following is true about cooking food for cats? Creates potential cross contamination Can increase the risk of Salmonella Destroys pathogens Makes the food more starchy | Destroys pathogens |
| Why are home-made diets not recommended for cats? | usually deficient unless balanced by an expert for the special requirements cats need |
| In a FDA study, what percentage of raw foods were found to have Listeria? 1% 8% 16% 25% | 16% |
| During pregnancy, what is the percentage of food you should increase per week? 5% 10% 15% 20% | 10% |
| On the body condition scale, what number would a cat be that has 20-25% body fat? 1 5 7 9 | 5 |
| What provides the antibodies that kittens need to survive? Serum Mice Colostrum Queen's Milk | Colostrum |
| True or false: in most mammals taurine is not essential and be synthesized from methionine | true |
| Why is taurine essential in cats | obligate bile acid conjugation |
| If a cat does not get enough taurine (taurine deficiency) what can happen | retinal degeneration and blindness reversible dilated cardiomyopathy poor reproduction increased platelet aggregation |
| Where does almost all of the fat digestion take place | small intestine |
| Lipoproteins are transported to ____ from _____ in the blood | tissues from gut/liver |
| Fatty acids are transported from ______ on _____ in the blood | fat tissue on albumin |
| Are Atherosclerosis/heart attacks common or rare | rare |
| Do cats make lingual lipase | no |
| What is atherosclerosis | sludging of fat around the vessels making you more likely to have a heart attack |
| Coating of fat molecules that have some charge to them and enables emulsion to sit inside a watery environment, but the center contains a lot of fat. Is what | Lipoprotein |
| What are the 4 types of lipoproteins | Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL |
| What does VLDL stand for | very low density lipoproteins |
| What does LDL stand for | Low density lipoproteins |
| What does HDL stand for | High density lipoproteins |
| Of VLDL, LDL, Chylomicrons and HDL which are good cholesterol | HDL |
| Of VLDL, LDL, Chylomicrons and HDL which are bad cholesterol | LDL |
| How much Chylomicrons should a cat have in their blood | 0-1 |
| How much VLDL should a cat have in their blood | 2-16 |
| How much LDL should a cat have in their blood | 23-33 |
| How much HDL should a cat have in their blood | 52-70 |
| Why is Arachidonic Acid important to cats | precursor of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes |
| Can dogs eat cat food or can cats eat dog food | dogs can eat cat food |
| Do cats require digestible carbohydrates | no |
| What type of carbohydrate does a cat require | indigestible carbohydrates |
| Why do cats require indigestible carbohydrates or protein | colonic fermentation |
| Is glucokinase found in the liver of cats | no |
| Why is glucokinase important | makes sure the blood glucose remains relatively the same |
| What happens if you dont have glucokinase | You cannot control your blood glucose as much |
| Since hexokinase is slower than glucokinase the glucose will be much higher in the ____ compared to the ____ | blood; cell |
| What is the consequence of a cat having hexokinase instead of glucokinase | cat's blood glucose will vary quite a bit |
| Where are VFAs (volatile fatty acids) absorbed | in colon |
| Volatile Fatty Acids provide roughly _____% of energy | over 5% |
| ____ is preferred fuel for colonocyte | Butyrate |
| Volatile fatty acids promote ____ and ____ absorption | sodium and water |
| excess of volatile fatty acids causes what | diarrhea |
| Cats are unable to cleave ____ to form Vitamin A | Carotene |
| Cats are unable to use ____ to synthesize Niacin | Trypotophan |
| If cats are not fed what can develop | fatty liver |
| Hepatic lipidosis is another name for what | fatty liver |
| How long does it take for hepatic lipidosis to develop in fat, healthy cats | 5 weeks |
| in sick cats hepatic lipidosis occurs ____ compared to fat healthy cats | sooner |
| How long without eating can a kitten go and why | 4-9 days. Less reserves |
| How long can an adult cat last without food or water | 5 weeks |
| List the top manufacturers and market categories for cat food | Mars, Nestle, Purina, Hills |
| Differences among pet foods are ___, there are subtle differences in ___, but the ___ are all the same | small; ingredients; nutritional standards |
| What are the different types of pet foods | Dry, canned/pouch, soft-moist, supplements and treats, home cooked, raw foods |
| How much of the cat and dog foods sold are dry foods | 3/4 |
| How much moisture is in dry food | ~10% |
| how energy dense (kcal/g) is dry food | ~4 kcal/g |
| How palatable is dry food | low |
| How expensive is dry food | inexpensive |
| If fat is sprayed on does this make the dry food production more or less expensive | more |
| How is dry food mostly made | extruder |
| food that emerges from an extruder is.... | low fat |
| How is fat added back to the dry food post-extruder | sprayed on in a dryer |
| How much moisture is found in canned/pouch food | 75-80% |
| Canned/pouch food is usually higher in _____ and ____ compared to dry foods | fat and protein |
| How energy dense is canned/pouch food (kcal/g) | ~1 |
| How palatable is canned/pouched food | very |
| Is canned/pouched food more or less expensive/kcal | more |
| How much moisture is in soft moist food | 30% |
| What does soft moist food have that other food types do not | sugar humectants |
| Cats with what illness should not be fed soft moist food | diabetic |
Created by:
Kayla_K