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Module 2 - WG 4*
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Culture | The beliefs, behaviors, customs, traditions, and other characteristics shared by members of a society. |
| Ethnicity | A cultural identity connected to shared language, heritage, religion, traditions, ancestry, or customs. |
| Race | A social way of grouping people based largely on perceived physical characteristics. |
| Ethnogenesis | The process by which a new ethnic group or identity forms. |
| Cultural Hearth | The place where a culture or cultural trait begins and then spreads to other places. |
| Language | A cultural system of spoken, signed, or written symbols people use to communicate. |
| Proto-language | An ancestral or parent language from which later languages developed. |
| Language Family | A group of languages that developed from a common ancestral proto-language. |
| Pidgin Language | A simplified language created so people who do not share a common language can communicate, often for trade or work. |
| Ethnic Enclave | A community where members of a particular ethnic or immigrant group live and maintain elements of their culture, language, and traditions. |
| Universalizing Religion | A religion that seeks followers or converts from many different cultures and regions. |
| Ethnic Religion | A religion closely tied to a particular ethnic group, culture, or geographic area. |
| Forced Assimilation | When a dominant group pressures or forces another group to give up its language, culture, or traditions and adopt the dominant culture. |
| Globalization | The increasing connection and dependence of countries, cultures, and economies through trade, technology, communication, media, and travel. |
| What is a major difference between ethnicity and race? | Ethnicity is primarily connected to shared culture and heritage, while race is a social classification often based on perceived physical traits. |
| What is the relationship between a proto-language and a language family? | A proto-language is the ancestral language from which the related languages in a language family developed. |
| How did Proto-Bantu help enslaved Africans communicate in the Americas? | Shared or related Bantu language roots could help people from different African groups communicate and develop common forms of communication. |
| Why is Quebec culturally different from much of Canada? | French language and French cultural heritage remain important parts of Quebec's identity. |
| Why did the Basque language become endangered? | Political pressure and restrictions on the language reduced its use, while dominant languages such as Spanish and French became more common. |
| English, Spanish, Russian, and Hindi belong to what major language family? | The Indo-European language family. |
| Why are English, Spanish, Russian, and Hindi considered related? | They developed from a common ancestral language and share historical linguistic roots. |
| How can language create cultural identity? | A shared language can preserve traditions, history, values, and a sense of belonging. |
| How can language divide populations? | Different language groups may experience political, cultural, or social tension over identity, rights, or government policies. |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | The spread of a cultural trait from powerful or influential people or places to other people or locations. |
| Example of hierarchical diffusion | A language or cultural trait spreads from major cities, governments, elites, or other centers of power to smaller places. |
| Contagious Diffusion | The rapid person-to-person spread of a cultural trait through direct contact. |
| Relocation Diffusion | The spread of culture when people physically move and carry their cultural traits to a new place. |
| Stimulus Diffusion | The spread of an underlying idea when another culture changes or adapts the original trait to fit local preferences. |
| KFC adapting its menu to local cultures in East Asia is what type of diffusion? | Stimulus diffusion. |
| Jewish people being forced to move from their homeland is what type of diffusion? | Relocation diffusion. |
| What type of diffusion spreads directly from person to person? | Contagious diffusion. |
| What type of diffusion spreads from influential people or major centers of power? | Hierarchical diffusion. |
| What type of diffusion occurs when people migrate and bring their culture with them? | Relocation diffusion. |
| What type of diffusion occurs when an idea is adopted but changed to fit the receiving culture? | Stimulus diffusion. |
| What is the difference between universalizing and ethnic religions? | Universalizing religions seek followers from many cultures, while ethnic religions are closely tied to a particular group or place. |
| Examples of major universalizing religions | Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. |
| Examples of religions often studied as ethnic religions | Hinduism and Judaism. |
| How does Hinduism historically connect to the caste system? | Ideas such as karma and reincarnation were historically connected to beliefs about social position and rebirth within the caste system. |
| Dalits | A group historically placed outside the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy and subjected to severe discrimination. |
| How were Dalits historically treated under the caste system? | They often faced discrimination, social exclusion, and restrictions on jobs, education, temples, and other opportunities. |
| Why is Judaism dispersed far from its cultural hearth? | Jewish populations were repeatedly dispersed through migration, exile, persecution, and the Jewish Diaspora. |
| Jewish Diaspora | The historical dispersal of Jewish people away from their ancestral homeland. |
| How did Buddhism spread from India? | It spread through trade routes such as the Silk Roads and through missionaries and travelers. |
| What did Constantine do that helped Christianity spread? | He legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire through the Edict of Milan, helping the religion gain greater acceptance. |
| Edict of Milan | The 313 CE decree associated with Constantine that legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire. |
| Why were some Islamic caliphates considered confessional states? | Religion and government were closely connected, with Islam influencing political authority, laws, and governance. |
| Why is Catholicism widely practiced in Latin America? | Spanish and Portuguese colonization spread Roman Catholicism throughout much of the region. |
| Gender Wage Gap | The average difference in earnings between men and women in a workforce. |
| Caste System | A social hierarchy in which people are placed into social groups that historically affected status, occupation, and social relationships. |
| Peninsulares | People born in Spain who lived in Spanish colonies in the Americas and historically occupied the highest social positions in the colonial hierarchy. |
| Where were Peninsulares located in the colonial social hierarchy? | At or near the top, often holding important government and church positions. |
| Apartheid | The former South African system of legally enforced racial segregation and discrimination. |
| Two major features of apartheid | Racial segregation and denial or restriction of political and civil rights for nonwhite South Africans. |
| Patriarchy | A social system in which men traditionally hold more power and authority than women. |
| How has patriarchy historically affected women? | It has often restricted women's legal rights, political power, educational opportunities, employment opportunities, and independence. |
| How can culture influence gender roles? | Cultural beliefs can shape expectations about work, education, family roles, leadership, rights, and behavior. |
| How can culture influence race and ethnicity? | Cultural beliefs and political systems can shape attitudes, opportunities, laws, and treatment of racial and ethnic groups. |
| Chinatown is an example of what? | An ethnic enclave. |
| Why is Chinatown considered an ethnic enclave? | Members of a cultural group live or work in the same area while maintaining foods, language, businesses, traditions, and cultural identity. |
| How has technology increased globalization? | Social media, broadcasting, the internet, and communication technology allow ideas, information, products, and culture to spread quickly around the world. |
| Why are jeans and T-shirts worn around the world? | Globalization has spread clothing styles through trade, media, advertising, business, and popular culture. |
| Why are the Olympics considered a globalized cultural event? | Athletes and spectators from many countries come together and share cultures through a worldwide event. |
| Brand Localization | When a global company changes its products, advertising, or services to fit the culture and preferences of a particular country or region. |
| Example of brand localization | A global restaurant changes menu items or advertising to match local tastes and cultural preferences. |
| How are globalization and cultural diffusion connected? | Globalization increases interaction among societies, making cultural traits spread more quickly and across greater distances. |
| How can globalization affect identity? | Globalization exposes people to new ideas, foods, music, clothing, beliefs, and lifestyles while people may still maintain local traditions. |
| How does language shape identity? | Language helps people communicate, preserve traditions, share history, and identify with a cultural group. |
| How does religion shape identity? | Religion can influence values, customs, holidays, behaviors, community life, and traditions. |
| How can language, religion, and globalization work together to shape culture? | Language and religion help create and preserve identity, while globalization increases contact between cultures and spreads ideas and practices between places. |
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