Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Psychology Unit 2
neurotransmitters
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between presynaptic (sending) neuron and receiving (postsynaptic) neuron -specific ones only fit into specific receptor sites on the dendrites of the post synaptic neuron |
| Acetocholine | -neurotransmitter -enables MUSCLE ACTION (CONTRACTING) (@ intersection of every motor neuron & skeletal muscle), plays a role in learning & memory (focus & attention!) |
| Acetocholine malfunctions | Alzheimer's disease involves the deterioration of ACh production (too little ACh) |
| Dopamine | neurotransmitter -involved w/ & influences coordinated movement, learning (motivation & learning from outcomes - rewarding/surprising experiences help brain learn), & pleasurable emotion, motivation |
| Dopamine malfunctions | too much linked schizophrenia -too little linked to tremors & decreased mobility of Parkinson's disease |
| Serotonin | neurotransmitter affects mood (maintains emotional baseline, prevents extreme emotion), hunger levels, sleep & moderates physiological arousal (affects mood) |
| Setotonin malfunctions | undersupply linked to DEPRESSION (SSRIs are drugs used to treat depression) |
| Norepinephrine | neurotransmitter controls & regulates alertness and physiological AROUSEL (increases alertness/energy & prepares to respond) |
| Norepinephrine malfunctions | under supply also linked to LOW ENERGY/depression & lack of focus (ADHD) |
| GABA | inhibitory neurotransmitter (binds to receptors in receiving neuron so less likely to fire action potential) involved w/ regulation of arousel/anxiety (calms physical symptoms of emotion) -decreases neural activity/prevents from becoming too activated |
| GABA malfunctions | undersupply linked w/ SEIZURES (due to too little inhibition), insomnia, and anxiety |
| Glutamate | neurotransmitter exhibitory neurotransmitter linked to learning/memory (forming memories), energy & focus -strengthens neural connections -increases neural activity |
| acetocholine VS glutamate memory | |
| Glutamate malfunctions | oversupply linked w/ over stimulation, migraines, and seizures (due to too much excitation) |
| Endorphins | neurotransmitter -influence perception of pain or pleasure ("internally produced morphine) |
| Endorphines malfunctions | oversupply of opioid drugs can supress natural endorphin aupply |
| Substance P | involved with pain perception and immune response |
| Substance P malfunctions | too much can lead to chronic (long-lasting) pain |
| Family study | Research conducted among siblings, parents or children to assess evidence for genetic links for characteristics or outcomes, often related to health or disease |
| Twin study | Research utilizing twins. The purpose of such research is usually to assess the relative contributions of hereditary and environment to some attribute. |
| Adoption study | A research design that investigates the relationship among genetic and environmental factors in the development of personality, behavior, or disorder by comparing the similarities of biological parent child pairs with those of adoptive parent child pairs |
| Natural selection | forces like competition disease etc eliminate individuals, who are less adapted to the environment, in favor of the survival and reproduction of better adapted, individuals there by changing the nature of the population over successive generations |
| Eugenics | A social/political philosophy based loosely on Charles Darwins evolution, airy theory that seeks to eradicate genetic defects and improve the make up of populations through selective human breeding |
| Sympathetic nervous system | Fight or flight One of the two divisions of the automatic nervous system |
| Reflex arc | an involuntary action occurs when a sensory neuron (via an interneuron) activates a motor neuron in the spinal cord to conduct nerve impulses to a muscle or gland -skips the brain, allowing for faster reactions |
| Sensory nerve | A.k.a. afferent nerves A nerve that conveys impulses from a sense or organ to the central nervous system The thalamus receives sensory messages |
| Motor nerves | Any nerve that terminates in a muscle or gland, conveying impulses from the brain or spinal cord |
| Glia | Non-neural tissue in NS that provide structural nutritional & support to neurons - form myelin around axons for insulation -smaller, more numerous 'glue' cells |
| Resting potential | The electric potential across the plasma membrane of a neuron, when it is in the not excited or resting state -neuron is inactive -inside the cell is a stable negative charge, surrounded by positive ions outside the cell |
| Activation synthesis hypothesis | hypothesis explaining dreams as a product of cortical interpretation of random neural activity, rising from the brainstem during REM brainstem becomes active, send signals to other parts of brain, cortex receives signals & makes stories |
| Consolidation | The neurobiological process by which a permanent memory is formed following a learning experience This often happens in your sleep |
| Narcolepsy | A disorder consisting of excessive daytime sleepiness, accompanied by brief attacks asleep during waking hours |
| Sleep apnea | A temporary secession of breathing while asleep, which occurs when the upper airway briefly becomes blocked, obstructive sleep apnea, or when the respiratory centers in the brain fail to stimulate respiration, central sleep apnea |
| REM behavior disorder | A sleep disorder involving motor activity during REM sleep, which typically includes a physical enactment of dream sequences |
| Circadian rhythm | Any periodic variation in physiological or behavioral activity that repeats at approximately 24 hour intervals, such as the sleep wake cycle |
| NREM sleep | Non-rapid eye-movement sleep for sleep stages in which there is an absence of rapid, eye-movement and dreams are relatively uncommon |
| Somnambulism | A sleep disorder characterized by persistent incidence of complex motor activity during slow wave N REM sleep |
| HYPHAGOGIC | Relating to the drowsy state that occurs in the transition from wakefulness to sleep |
| REM cycle | Rapid eye, movement sleep the stage of sleep, formally called the synchronized sleep, in which most dreaming tends to occur -shows activity that resembles wakefulness (paradoxical sleep, )except for inhibition of most muscles |
| REM rebound | The increased occurrence of REM sleep, following REM sleep deprivation. It is an example of a rebound phenomenon. |
| nervous system | en electrochemical network of nerve cells that takes in information from the world and out sense, processes it , and send instructions back out |
| What two parts are the nervous system divided into | the central nervous system peripheral nervous system |
| peripheral nervous system nerves | sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) nerves (bundled axons) that connect the CNS to the rest of the body sensory: sends info from somatic to the CNS motor: signals from CNS to muscles |
| division of the peripheral nervous system | 1. somatic - 2. atonomic |
| somatic nervous system | -part of peripheral NS voluntary control of skeletal muscles (except reflexes LOL) -information from the SNA travels from the body to the CNS via sensory (afferent) nerves and from the CNS back out to the muscles via motor nerves |
| autonomic nervous system | -part of peripheral NS -controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs (heart, lungs, etc), thus regulating the physiological arousel of emotions |
| division of the autonomic nervous system | 1. parasympathetic 2. sympathetic |
| parasympathetic | division of the autonomic NS -calms the body, conserves E -decreasing heartbeat and respiration, lowering blood sugar, constricted pupils, and the bladder etc |
| sympathetic | division of the autonomic NS -"fight or flight" -arouses body, mobilizes its E in stressful situations -accelerating heart, higher blood P, slowing digestion, secretion of adrenal hormones |
| describe what surrounds the central nervous system | protected by skull & meninges, rests in cerebrospinal fluid that nourishes and cushions it (in the brain the CSF fills hollow cavities known as ventricles) |
| Spinal cord | -two-way information highway that connects the PNS w/ the brain -messages travel up the spinal cord via sensory neurons and back down via motor neurons |
| interneurons | throughout the CNS, sensory & motor neurons communciate w/ each other vis interneurons |
| soma | -component of neuron -the cell body containing the nucleus |
| dendrites | -component of a neuron -branchy extensions that receive messages from other cells |
| axon | -component of the neuron -long, thin neuron extensions that carries/passes messages from the soma to other neurons, muscles, or glands |
| myelin sheath | layer of fatty tissue that speeds up signals -surrounds/insulates the axon |
| multiple sclerosis | -caused by deterioration of the myelin sheath |
| axon terminal | branches out and each branch ends with a button that contains various neurotransmitter chemical messengers in small sacs called synaptic vesicles -where neurons pass messages to the next neuron |
| synapse | the junction between the sending/receiving neuron -gap of space between neurons |
| depolarization | when a neuron is stimulated, + charged ions flood through the now-open axon gates, creating an action potential |
| action potential | brief electrical charge that travels down the axon |
| refractory period | -a resting pause that occurs after an action potential -period during which it is inactive and unable to fire |
| all-or-none | law says that a neuron either fires or it doesn't -it's action potentials are all the same size |
| firing neuron | the presynaptic neuron that releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft to the receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron |
| postsynaptic potentials | occurs when a neurotransmitter binds with the receptor site two kinds: 1. excitatory 2. inhibitory |
| excitatory postsynaptic potential | a positive voltage shift making a new action potential likely |
| inhibitory postsynaptic potential | a negative voltage shift making a new action potential unlikely |
| reuptake | once a neurotransmitter has done its job it is either deactivated or reabsorbed by the presynaptuc neuron in a process called reuptake |
| How do neurons create thoughts or behavior | they exist within interlinked networks that must fire together in patterns to create our thoughts and behavior |
| synaptic pruning | the elimination of inactive synapses, making room for the formation of new neural networks -connection between two neurons gets weakened and eventually eliminated |
| agonists | bind to a receptor site by mimicking a neurotransmitter and causing an excitatory post-synaptic potential (nicotine is an agonist for ACh) -enhances neurotransmitter's effect -drug action - |
| antagonist | bind to a receptor site and block it from being used by the actual neurotransmitter -no drug action/effect -decreases neurotransmitter's effect |
| blockage of the ACh receptors occurs due to | anesthesia, certain poisons, and the autoimmune neuromuscular disease myasthenia gravis |
| endocrine system | -your body's hormone communication system -made up of glands that release hormones into your bloodstream- the hormones travel through the blood to different parts of your body & tell then what to do |
| hormones | -perform similarly to neurotransmitters -in the endocrine system -travel through the bloodstream to help regulate behavior |
| myasthenia gravis | |
| Endocrine system VS nervous system | endo: sends hormonal messages through the bloodstream, longer-lasting nervous: sends FAST electrical messages through neurons |
| how do drugs work | manipulate specific neurotransmitters action in brain synapses "reward pathway"i |
| three main division of the brain | -hindbrain -midbrain -forebrain |
| hindbrain | consists of brainstem structures that direct fundamental autonomic functions such as breathing |
| midbrain | sits atop the hindbrain and serves as a connection between it and the forebrain |
| forebrain | manages out complex cognitive activities, sensory functions, and voluntary movement |
| brainstem | -part of hindbrain -rises up from spinal cord & serves as crossover point for brain's contralateral hemispheric organization (has nerve pathways where nerve signals cross to opposite sides of brain, routes info between the body & appropriate hemisphere) |
| contralateral hemispheric organization | each side of the brain connects with the opposite side of the body |
| medulla | -where the brainstem swells as it enters the skull -controls heartbeat and breathing |
| cerebellum | extends from the rear of the brainstem -base-ball sized -controls coordination, balance, and enables nonverbal learning and memory |
| reticular formation | -network of neurons that extend from the spinal cord, upward through the brainstem and into the thalamus -controls alertnesss, attention, etc (pysiological arousel through reticular activating system |
| (filters sensory information from body to proper areas of brain) | -network of neurons within the reticular formation the larger path involved especially in wakefulness, alertness, and attention - |
| limbic system | a group of structures deep inside the brain, around the thalamus & underneath the cerebral cortex (subcortical) -emotion, biological drives, memory -in the forebrain |
| thalamus | -within the limbic system (which is within the forebrain) -sits on top of the brainstem & recieves sensory information from all of the body's sensory organs (EXCEPT SMELL) -relys info to relevant brain regions (region for each sense but smell) |
| hypothalamus | -below the thalamus -regulates biological drives in an attempts to maintain an internal state of homeostasis -works w/ endocrine system to monitor body's state (gets info from blood chemistry & other brain regions) |
| homeostasis | -keeping body's internal conditions stable/balanced |
| pituitary gland | -master gland of the endocrine system -small gland at the base of the brain that releases hormones & controls other endocrine glands -hypothalamus tells it which hormones to release |
| amygdala | consists of two small neural clusters -fear & agression -electrically stimulates a specific part of it |
| which system in the brain comes in pairs | limbic system -there are two copies of many limbic structures, one on the left side of the brain and 1 on the right -EXCEPTION: pituitary gland never does & hypothalamus usually doesn't |
| hippocampus | -part of limbic system process of forming conscious, explicit memories -damage will harm ones abillity to form new memories (anterograde amensia) |
Created by:
Blessed Rectangle 11