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Photography Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Camera Obscura : | A drawing aid that projected what an artist saw onto a surface from which he/she could copy from their subject |
| Daguerreotype: | A unique object - A highly detailed image on a small metal plate .Created by exposing a silver plated copper plate to chemical vapors. These are developed with mercury fumes. |
| Calotype: | Used paper with silver iodide to create an image where multiple prints can be made. This also cut down exposure times drastically for the time. |
| The Photogenic Drawing: | A negative image on paper to make a contact print - only made one unique photo |
| The Negative: Def and uses | A photo negative is an image where the lights and darks are switched. This is because the reaction to light darkens the image. By shining a light through the negative onto another sheet of paper this process is reversed. |
| Wet Plate : | When glass plates had to be coated with collodion emulsion immediately prior and then developed directly after exposure. This was very bulky and cumbersome. |
| Carte de Visite: Innovation, cultural role, popularity | The carte de visite (Visiting Card) allowed for up to eight small portraits to be printed on the same negative. - Could be given to family or friends. - Very successful commercial applications of photography at the - time. -Lowered exposure times. |
| The Tintype: | Unique object - Metal plate coated with collodion and dipped into silver nitrate. Process completed while wet. The dark metal background makes the silver highlights stand out. |
| Dry Plate: | A glass negative which was not wet. This led photographers to not have to develop out in the field. Gelatin emulsion of silver bromide |
| Electric Light Photography : | This was when old lights were used to illuminate the subjects. Carbon arc lamps? |
| Mexican American War | These are where the earliest war photographs are from. 1846 to 1848 |
| Crimean War | This is the first war that had a campaign to be documented. 1854 to 1856 |
| U.S. Civil War | Matthew Brady documented the Civil War, He did this with the help of his teams. Alexander Gardner who left Brady. Timothy O' Sullivan worked under brady and Gardner (Took gruesome pics). George N. Barnard - Official union photographer |
| The Great Exhibition of 1851 | The first international worlds fair. used as a launchpad for early photography |
| Photographic Society of London | Was founded by Fenton and Vignotes in 1853 to elevate the status of photography |
| Photography and Manifest Destiny | Photography was used as a tool to show how vast and empty the lands were so settlers could move out there and obtain land for themselves. |
| Photography and Ethnography | Photos were used as a tool for colonial classification, scientific racism, and the "proof" of racial hierarchies |
| Photography of Abolition Movement | In early photography, abolitionist activists used portraits and visual media to challenge racist stereotypes, prove the harsh realities of slavery, and assert the full humanity and dignity of African Americans |
| Representation in early photography | In early photography, representation served as a powerful tool that democratized visual identity, challenged objective truths, and shaped social power dynamics. Once for the elite, when prices lowered the common people could enjoy photography. |
| Bias in Early Photography | Racial bias was prevalent because lighter skin tones were considered the default. Darker skin was distorted. |
| Ethics in early photography | Photographers towed the line when it came to ethics. Photography was used for the truth and exploitation |
| Daguerreotype Inventor and historical importance | Louis Daguerre - Made photography available to use for business |
| Calotype importance | Talbot - introduced the photo negative |
| Combination Print | A single final image was made by exposing multiple separate negatives. This allowed the creation of better photos. |
| Key Photographers who used combination print | Henry Peach Robinson and Oscar Gustave Rejiander |
| Inventor of Tintype, material, process, social use | Hamilton L Smith this led photography for a medium for the masses. |
| Constructed Image Theory: Meaning and Implications | The idea that a photograph is not a passive window in objective reality. It can be fabricated and staged. |
| Stereographs: 3D and Uses | Side by side photos that make the illusion of a 3d image. entertainment, education, and news reporting |
| Silver Halide / Silver Salts | This was used to make the early photographs. Light sensitive salts darken when exposed to light. |
| Latent Images: Definition and Importance | An invisible pattern created on a light sensitive surface when exposed to light. This shortened exposure times and led for field photography |
| Origins and uses of the camera obscura | Light passing through a tiny hole into a darkened room projected an inverted image of the outside world on the opposite wall. Optical drawing aid observation tool early prototype for the first cameras |
| Mission Heliographies | 1851 project commissioned by the French to document the nations failing architectural heritage |
| Impressionism (As it relates to both painting and photography) | Capturing the mood rather than perfection. |
| Portrait Studios (Torture Chambers) | studios had rigging for people to stay still for very long periods od time. There were also harsh lights pointed at the people posing. |
| Wet plate process | Coat Sensitize Expose Develop Fixing and varnish |
| Cyanotypes: Def & inventor & early uses | Sr. John Herschel - low cost photo printing in deep shade of Prussian blue |
| Halftone process | Breaking down a photo into tiny dots to give the illusion of shades of color |
| Société Heliograpique | 1851 - Worlds first photographic society |
| National Parks: Yosemite & Photographers involved to get established | Carleton Watkins and Ansel Adams |
| Magnesium | This burned with an intense white light allowing photographers to take photos inside, at night, and in dark spaces. |
| Joseph Nicephore Niepce | Created the oldest surviving photograph and invented heliography - the oldest photogenic process |
| Louis Daguerre | Creator of the Daguerreotype |
| William Henry Fox Talbot | "Calotype" (negatives) "The Photogenic Drawing" |
| Fredrick Scott Archer | Invented the wet collodion process. Sharp detail + multiple copies |
| Thomas Wedgewood | First documented person to capture camera obscura images with chemicals |
| Andre Disderi | Patented the Carte-de-visite |
| Rodger Fenton | Helped establish war photojournalism, elevated photography |
| Nadar | Helped elevate photography from a mechanical trade to a fine art. Famous for his portraits of famous people. - first aerial and underground photos - Photo interviews |
| Felice Beato | War photographer, travel photographer (Visual record of Asia) |
| Timothy Sullivan | Civil war photographer |
| Matthew Brady | Father of photojournalism used his camera to record history instead of studio portraits. |
| Julia Margaret Cameron | Elevated photography, she wanted to capture the soul of her portraits. soft focus style. Wanted to photograph "greatness" |
| Sir John Herschel | Invented the photographic fixer (made images permanent) invented the cyanotype first glass plate negative |
| George Barnard | Civil war photographer |
| Alexander Gardner | Battlefield photographer who focused on the grim reality of war |
| Hill and Adamson | Documented working class people and elevated the photography to an artform. Focused on composition |
| Eadweard Muybridge | Invented the stop action techniques to capture things the human eye cannot see "Galloping Horse" |
| Carlton Watkins | Helped shape the national parks system and documented the American west |
| Gustave Le Grey | Wax paper negative, combination printing, wet collodion process for greater clarity |
| William Henry Jackson | Helped launch the national park system with visual evidence |
| Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne | Used photography to record facial muscle movements. |
| Henry Peach Robinson | invented combination printing and elevated photography |
| Vero Charles Driffield and Ferdinand Hurter | Transformed photos from trial and error to a science. |
| George Eastman | Inventor of the kodak, roll film, you press the button we do the rest, mass consumer market. |
| Valley of the Shadow of Death | Crimean War - famous visual record of wartime |
| The Great Wave | le Gray - Solved the problem of light skies and dark waters through combination printing |
| The Two Ways of Life | Emulation of historical paintings and fine art - combination printing |
| Fading Away | Proved photography can be manipulated - healthy models and multiple negatives |
| Fredrick Douglas Portraits | Challenged racial stereotypes, asserted equal status, and made portraits accessible |
| A Harvest of Death | Showed the gruesome reality of war. Showed bodies which showed the real toll of the human war. |
| The Oriel Window, South Gallery, Lacock Abbey | The oldest existing photographic camera negative |
| Le Point de vue de Gras | The oldest surviving photo of architecture using a camera |
| The Boulevard du Temple in Paris | The first photo to capture a human being. revealed exposure limitations |
| The Open Door (Calotype) | Established photos as an artistic medium rather than a scientific tool |
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