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Stack #4722100
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acronym | A word composed of the initial characters of other words. |
| acrophony | The use of a graphic symbol originally representing a word (or the object to which it refers) to denote the initial syllable or sound of that word. |
| alphabet | A set of letters or symbols in a fixed order used to represent the basic set of speech sounds of a language. |
| applied linguistics | The branch of linguistics concerned with practical applications of language studies, for example language teaching, translation, and speech therapy (contrast to general linguistics). |
| competence | A person's subconscious knowledge of the rules governing the formation of speech in their first language. Contrast to performance. |
| context | A term referring to the environment in which an element (sound, word, phrase) occurs. |
| contrast | A difference between two linguistic items which can be exploited systematically. convention |
| convergence | In a general sense, a process whereby two languages or varieties come to resemble each other more and more. |
| conversation analysis | The techniques for examining and structuring conversations or any type of social interaction which involves verbal and non-verbal conduct. |
| corpus | Any structured and principled collection of data from a particular language. |
| cross-linguistic | Refers to phenomena which occur in several different languages or in investigations which draw on data from diverse languages. |
| descriptive | An approach to linguistics which is concerned with saying what language is like and not what it should be like (contrast to prescriptive). |
| diachronic | Refers to language viewed or studied over time (contrast to synchronic). |
| dictionary | A book or electronic resource that lists the words of a language (typically in alphabetical order) and gives their meaning, or gives the equivalent words in a different language, often also providing information about pronunciation, origin, and usage. |
| discourse analysis | The investigation of the structure and patterning of discourse (human speech). It contrasts explicitly with analyses of written language or of contrived examples in linguistic works. |
| displacement | One of the key characteristics of human language which enables it to refer to situations which are not here and now. |
| etymology | The study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history. |
| extralinguistic | Any phenomenon which lies outside of language. An extralinguistic reason for a linguistic feature would be one which is not to be found in the language itself. |
| figurative | Any use of a word in a non-literal sense. |
| formalist | An adjective referring to linguistic analyses which lay emphasis on relatively abstract conceptions of language structure. |
| general linguistics | A broad term for investigations which are concerned with the nature of language, procedures of linguistic analysis, etc. without considering to what use these can be put. Contrast to applied linguistics. |
| generative grammar | A linguistic theory that regards grammar as a system of rules that generates exactly those combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language. |
| grammaticalisation | This is an historical process in language which refers to a change in status from lexical to grammatical for certain elements, frequently due to semantic bleaching (loss of lexical meaning). |
| head | The centre of a phrase or sentence which is possibly qualified by further optional elements. |
| hierarchy | Any order of elements from the most central or basic to the most peripheral. |
| language system | Invented, consciously designed system of communication, mostly designed by a small group of people, intended to be used by many. E.g. Esperanto |
| language change | A process by which developments in a language are introduced and established. Language change is continual in every language and it is largely regular. However, the rate of language change is different among different languages. |
| language contact | Contact between two different (usually neighbouring) language communities, especially resulting in the development of common linguistic features; frequently attributive designating a situation in which this occurs. |
| language death | The process or phenomenon whereby a language, usually that of a cultural minority, disappears or falls into disuse. |
| language | A system which consists of a set of symbols (sentences) — realised phonetically by sounds — which are used in a regular order to convey a certain meaning. (language is used regularly by humans and that it has a powerful social function) |
| linguistic area | A part of the world in which several genetically unrelated languages are spoken but which nonetheless show structural similarities. Such areas usually form an approximate geographical unit. |
| linguistic universals | A postulated set of linguistic features which are common to all languages. |
| linguistics | The study of language and its structure. |
| loan-word | A word adopted from a foreign language with little or no modification. |
| metalanguage | A form of language or set of terms used for the description or analysis of another language. |
| neologism | A newly coined word or expression. |
| paradigm | A set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles. |
| paralinguistic | A component of meta-communication that may modify or nuance meaning, or convey emotion, such as prosody, pitch, volume, intonation etc. It is sometimes defined as relating to nonphonemic properties only. |
| performance | An individual's use of a language, i.e. what a speaker actually says, including hesitations, false starts, and errors. |
| pragmatics | The branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organisation, presupposition, and implicature. |
| prescriptive | An approach to linguistics which is concerned with formal rules of correct usage of a language.Contrast to descriptive. |
| second language teaching | There are many views on how a second language is learned, above all in comparison with the relative perfection of first language acquisition. Research here tends to concentrate on developing models to explain the process. |
| sign language | A naturally developed communication system in which people exploit the visual-tactile modality, rather than the auditory-oral modality. |
| synchronic | A reference to the study of one point of time in a language. This may be the present but need not be.Contrast to diachronic. |
| taxonomic | A reference to linguistics in which the main aim is to list and classify features and phenomena. It is usually implied that no attempt for linguistic generalisations is made. |
| thesaurus | A work of reference that lists words in groups of synonyms and related concepts. |
| typology | A field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features. Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversity of the world's languages. |
| vocabulary | The set of words in a language. |
| zero | Any element which is postulated by linguists but which has no realisation in a particular language. |
| ablaut | Alternation in the vowels of related word forms, especially in Germanic strong verbs. E.g. sing, sang, sung |
| affricate | A phoneme which combines a plosive with an immediately following fricative or spirant sharing the same place of articulation. |
| allophone | Any of the various phonetic realisations of a phoneme in a language, which do not contribute to distinctions of meaning. |
| alveolar | (of a consonant) pronounced with the tip of the tongue on or near the alveolar ridge. |
| bilabial | (of a speech sound) formed by closure or near closure of the lips? |
| cardinal vowels | Each of a series of vowel sounds used as a standard reference point to assist in the description and classification of vowel sounds in any language. |
| consonant | A basic speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable. |
| contrastive | Refers to any elements which are in opposition to each other. A phonetic distinction is contrastive if it has significance on the phonological level, i.e. if it distinguishes meaning. |
| dental | (of a consonant) pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth (such as ‘th’) or the alveolar ridge. |
| devoiced | A voiced speech sound, pronounced without vibration of the vocal cords, making it voiceless. |
| diphthong | A sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another. |
| discrete | A characteristic of human language where there is no continuous transition from one unit to another. |
| fricative | Denoting a type of consonant made by the friction of breath in a narrow opening, producing a turbulent air flow. |
| glide | A sound produced as the vocal organs move towards or away from articulation of a vowel or consonant. |
| glottal | A term referring to sounds produced by a closing of the vocal folds. |
| homophone | Each of two or more words having the same pronunciation but different meanings, origins, or spelling. |
| homorganic | Any set of sounds which are articulated at the same point in the vocal tract. |
| intonation | That part of the sound system of a language which involves the use of pitch to convey information. It consists of both accent (concerns individual words) and sentence melody (concerns word groups). |
| IPA | A system of transcribing the sounds of languages which consists of some Latin and Greek letters and a variety of additional symbols and diacritics. The goal is to represent each recognisable sound in a unique fashion. |
| labial | (of a consonant) requiring partial or complete closure of the lips (e.g. p, b, f, v, m, w), or (of a vowel) requiring rounded lips (e.g. ‘oo’ in moon). |
| labio-dental | (of a sound) made with the lips and teeth. |
| labio-velar | (of a sound) made with the lips and soft palate. |
| manner of articulation | The formation of a speech sound by constriction of the air flow in the vocal organs at a particular place (e.g. the tongue, teeth, or palate) and in a particular way (as a plosive, affricate, etc.). |
| minimal pair | Any two words which are only distinguished by one feature. |
| monophthong | A vowel that has a single perceived auditory quality. |
| nasal | (of a speech sound) pronounced by the breath resonating in the nose. |
| palatal | (of a speech sound) made by placing the blade of the tongue against or near the hard palate. |
| palatalisation | Making (a speech sound) palatal, especially by changing a velar to a palatal by moving the point of contact between tongue and palate further forward in the mouth. |
| palato-alveolar | (of a consonant) articulated by placing the tongue against the alveolar ridge and close to the hard palate. |
| paradigmatic | Of or denoting the relationship between a set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles. |
| phone | A speech sound; the smallest discrete segment of sound in a stream of speech. |
| phoneme | Any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another. |
| phonemics | The study of phonemes or distinct units of sound in a language. |
| phonetic | A reference to a phenomenon in the area of phonetics (often as opposed to phonology). |
| phonetics | The study and classification of speech sounds for a specific language. |
| phonological | A reference to the phonology of a language, i.e. to the deeper and more abstract organisation of the sounds of a language. |
| phonology | The system of contrastive relationships among the speech sounds that constitute the fundamental components of a language. |
| pitch | The quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; the degree of highness or lowness of a tone. |
| place of articulation | The point in the vocal tract at which a sound is produced. This can be anywhere from the lips at the front to the glottis. |
| plosive | Denoting a consonant that is produced by stopping the airflow using the lips, teeth, or palate, followed by a sudden release of air. |
| rhotic | Relating to or denoting a dialect or variety of English (e.g. in most of the US and south-western England) in which r is pronounced before a consonant (as in hard) and at the ends of words (as in far). |
| rhythm | All the patterns of strong and weak syllables in a language. |
| schwa | The unstressed central vowel (as in a moment ago), represented by the symbol |
| sibilant | (of a speech sound) sounded with a hissing effect. |
| stop | A consonant produced with complete closure of the vocal tract. |
| stress | Emphasis given to a particular syllable or word in speech, typically through a combination of relatively greater loudness, higher pitch, and longer duration. |
| syntagmatic | Of or denoting the relationship between two or more linguistic units used sequentially to make well-formed structures. |
| transcription | A system of representing sounds in writing unambiguously. |
| unstressed | (of a syllable) not pronounced with stress. |
| vocal folds | Two muscular folds running from the front of the thyroid cartilage backwards to the front ends of the arytenoid cartilages.Also called: 'vocal cords'. |
| voiced | A feature which characterises sounds that are produced with vibration of the vocal folds. |
| voiceless | A feature which characterises sounds that are produced without vibration of the vocal folds. |
| vowel | A speech sound which is produced by comparatively open configuration of the vocal tract, with vibration of the vocal cords but without audible friction, and which is a unit of the sound system of a language that forms the nucleus of a syllable. |
| accent | 1) A distinctive way of pronouncing a language, especially one associated with a particular country, area, or social class. 2) A change of pitch indicating that a certain element in an utterance is more prominent than others. |
| bilingualism | The ability to speak two languages with native-like competence. |
| code switching | Alternate between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation. |
| creole | A term used to describe a pidgin language after it has become the first language of a certain population. |
| critical period | A period in early childhood in which language acquisition is most effective (roughly the first 6 years). |
| dialect | A particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group. |
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