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Unit 1&2 Vocab
Unit 1&2 Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An ancient network of Eurasian trade routes connecting East Asia with the Mediterranean and Europe, facilitating the exchange of goods (such as silk and spices), technology, and ideas. | Silk Road |
| A medieval European system of learning and philosophy that sought to harmonize Christian theology with classical Greek philosophy, particularly the works of Aristotle. | Scholasticism |
| Meaning "rebirth," a European cultural, intellectual, and artistic movement spanning roughly 1300 to 1600 that revived interest in classical Greek and Roman antiquity. | Renaissance |
| An intellectual movement of the Renaissance that prioritized human potential, individual achievement, and the study of classical subjects (grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy). | Humanism |
| A worldview or perspective focused on worldly, non-religious matters rather than spiritual or church-centered concerns. | Secularism |
| Financial or political support provided by wealthy individuals, institutions, or rulers to artists, scholars, and architects to produce cultural works. | Patronage |
| A wealthy individual (such as a member of the Medici family, a pope, or a monarch) who pays for, sponsors, or protects an artist, scholar, or organization | Patron |
| A Northern Renaissance intellectual movement that combined classical learning with early Christian sources to critique Church corruption and reform Christian society. | Christian Humanism |
| A printing technology developed in Europe by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440 using reusable individual metal characters, drastically speeding up book production and literacy. | Movable Type |
| Also known as the Great Western Schism (1378–1417), a period when competing popes in Rome and Avignon simultaneously claimed supreme authority over the Roman Catholic Church. | Papal Schism |
| A member or follower of any Western Christian church that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during or after the 16th-century Reformation (such as Lutherans, Calvinists, or Anglicans) | Protestant |
| Certificates issued or sold by the Catholic Church promising to reduce or forgive punishment for sins in purgatory. | Indulgences |
| Officially expelled or cut off from sacraments and membership in the Catholic Church by papal or ecclesiastical authority. | Excommunicated |
| A person holding religious beliefs or opinions that directly conflict with the official doctrines of an established church. | Heretic |
| To formally take back, withdraw, or deny a previously held religious, political, or scientific belief under pressure or legal decree. | Recant |
| Academic propositions or formal arguments put forward to be debated, most famously Martin Luther’s 95 Theses attacking church corruptions in 1517. | Theses |
| In Catholic theology, an intermediate state after physical death where souls undergo purification before entering Heaven. | Purgatory |
| The common, everyday spoken language of a specific region or population (such as German, French, or English) as opposed to formal Latin. | Vernacular |
| The Calvinist doctrine stating that God determined, before creation, who would receive salvation (the "elect") and who would not. | Predestination |
| Also known as Holy Communion or the Lord's Supper, a central Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper through bread and wine. | Eucharist |
| The systematic study of the nature of God, religious belief, and spiritual truths. | Theology |
| A system of government in which religious leaders rule in the name of God, enforcing religious law as civil law | Theocracy |
| Property, money, or goods brought by a bride's family to her husband or his family upon marriage. | Dowry |
| A formal declaration by a church authority stating that a marriage was invalid from its inception and therefore never legally existed. | Annulment |
| An optical instrument using lenses or curved mirrors to magnify distant objects, crucial to astronomical discoveries during the Scientific Revolution. | Telescope |
| The science, art, and practice of compiling and drawing geographical maps. | Cartography |
| A navigational instrument using a magnetized needle pointing toward magnetic north, allowing sailors to determine direction at sea. | Compass |
| A small, fast, highly maneuverable Portuguese sailing ship developed in the 15th century, equipped with triangular lateen sails that allowed sailing into the wind. | Caravel |
| An astronomical and navigational tool used by mariners to calculate latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or stars above the horizon. | Astrolabe |
| A 1494 agreement mediated by the Pope that drew an imaginary line dividing newly discovered non-European lands between Spain (west) and Portugal (east). | Treaty of Tordesillas |
| Originating, occurring naturally, or native to a particular region or environment prior to external contact. | Indigenous |
| A 16th-century Spanish soldier, explorer, and adventurer who conquered native empires and territories in the Americas | Conquistador |
| The global transfer of plants, animals, food, human populations, communicable diseases, and culture between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres following 1492. | Columbian Exchange |
| The forced transatlantic voyage that carried enslaved West Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas under horrific conditions. | Middle Passage |
| A three-way Atlantic trade network linking Europe (manufactured goods), Africa (enslaved people), and the Americas (raw materials like sugar, tobacco, and silver). | Triangular Trade |
| The astronomical model stating that the Sun sits at the center of the solar system, with planets revolving around it. | Heliocentric |
| The traditional astronomical model placing a stationary Earth at the center of the universe, surrounded by orbiting celestial bodies. | Geocentric |
| A systematic procedure for acquiring scientific knowledge through observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and analysis. | Scientific Method |
| The philosophical doctrine championed by Francis Bacon asserting that true knowledge must be derived from direct sensory observation and physical experimentation. | Empiricism |
| The philosophical belief championed by René Descartes that human reason and logic—rather than sensory experience—are the chief sources of knowledge. | Rationalism |
| A political system in which a single monarch holds centralized, unlimited power, unrestrained by parliaments, law codes, or nobles. | Absolutism |
| The political doctrine asserting that a monarch’s authority to rule comes directly from God, making the monarch accountable only to God. | Divine Right |
| The "Sun King" of France (r. 1643–1715) who exemplified royal absolutism, centralized authority at his palace at Versailles, and revoked the Edict of Nantes. | Louis XIV |
| The Tsar of Russia (r. 1682–1725) who modernized and Westernized Russia’s military, government, and culture while founding the warm-water capital of St. Petersburg. | Peter the Great |
| King of Prussia (r. 1740–1786), an "Enlightened Absolutist" who built Prussia into a dominant European military power through warfare and administrative reforms. | Frederick the Great |
| The Protestant Queen of England (r. 1558–1603) who established the Anglican Church settlement, defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, and presided over a golden age of English culture. | Elizabeth I |
| The Catholic King of Spain (r. 1556–1598) and leader of the Counter-Reformation who ruled a vast global empire financed by American silver and launched the Spanish Armada against England. | Philip II |
| French Calvinist Protestants who faced severe religious persecution during the 16th and 17th centuries. | Huguenots |
| A 1598 royal decree issued by French King Henry IV granting Huguenots freedom of conscience, civil rights, and fortified towns, effectively ending the French Wars of Religion. | Edict of Nantes |
| The centuries-long military campaign by Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula to reclaim territory from Muslim rule, ending in 1492 with the conquest of Granada. | Reconquista |
| Historical European term for the Muslim inhabitants of North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily during the Middle Ages. | Moors |
| The nickname given to supporters of the English Parliament during the English Civil War (1642–1651) who fought against King Charles I and the Royalist "Cavaliers." | Roundheads |
| Units of Russian firearm infantry established in the 16th century who formed a powerful military force; later disbanded by Peter the Great following a failed rebellion against his reforms. | Streltsi |
Created by:
todd.moore