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Health
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Used disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection | Joseph Lister |
| Ancient Greek physician known as the “Father of Medicine” Credited with writing the code of ethics known as the Hippocratic oath | Hippocrates |
| Classified blood into 4 groups and discovered when different blood types are mixed red blood cells can clump/clot | Karl Landsteiner |
| Cured scurvy with the use of Vitamin C from citrus fruits (Vitamin C deficiency) | James Lind |
| Dental surgeon who gave the first successful public demonstration of ether anesthesia during surgery | William Morton |
| Discovered essential nutrient factors (Vitamins) | Frederick Hopkins |
| Discovered Penicillin | Alexander Flemming |
| Discovered the basic principles of heredity and genetics; Mendelism | Gregor Mendel |
| Discovered the cause of childbed fever (sepsis); Introduced antisepsis to medicine | Ignaz Semmelweis |
| Discovered the cause of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) virus (HIV) | Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier |
| Discovered the molecular structure of DNA (double helix model) | Watson and Crick |
| Discovered X-rays while experimenting with cathode rays | Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen |
| First to recognize and describe full circulation of the blood in the human body | William Harvey |
| First woman to receive a medical degree; Founded the NY Infirmary for women and children | Elizabeth Blackwell |
| Formed the American Red Cross in 1881; Nurse during the Civil War | Clara Barton |
| Founder of modern nursing; helped at a military hospital during the Crimean War | Florence Nightingale |
| Invented the computed axial tomography (CAT) scan | Godfrey Hounsfield (William in notes) |
| Invented the first implantable artificial heart | Robert Jarvik |
| Invented the Heimlich valve during the Vietnam war and the Heimlich maneuver which helps choking victims | Henry Judah Heimlich |
| Invented the microscope | Anton Van Leeuwenhoek |
| Invented the Stethoscope | Rene Laennec |
| Known as the “Father of Immunology” Pioneered the concept of vaccinations; creating smallpox vaccine from cowpox | Edward Jenner |
| One of the first to extract insulin from the pancreas (first done in dogs) | Frederick Banting |
| Originated the process of the Pasteurization of milk to kill bacteria; Germ Theory | Louis Pasteur |
| Performed the first kidney transplant on a non-related patient using immunosuppressive therapy | Joseph Murray |
| Performed the first successful blood transfusion in humans | James Blundell |
| Performed the first successful conjoined twins separation | Ben Carson |
| Pioneered the research of radioactivity; Discovered radium and polonium | Marie Curie |
| “Father of CPR” Pioneered understanding electricity and the heart (defibrillation) | William Kouwenhoven |
| Discovered the effects of Nitrous Oxide | Sir Humphry Davy |
| pioneered the use of surgical anesthesia (nitrous oxide) | Horace Wells |
| Found structure of DNA (Helix) | Rosalind Franklin |
| Invented Bifocals | Benjamin Franklin |
| Father of Modern Anatomy | Andreas Vesalius |
| a killed polio virus would cause immunity to polio and a live virus provided more effective immunity | Jonas Salk/Alfred Sabin |
| Performed worlds first human heart transplant | Christian Barnard |
| Discovered essential nutrient factors (vitamins) | Charles Best |
| Father of modern surgery; used ligatures to stop bleeding | Ambroise Pare |
| created the first mercury thermometer in 1724. | Gabriel Fahrenheit |
| established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding. | John Hunter |
| Father of Microbiology | Robert Koch |
| Penicillin, discovered how to mass produce it. | Howard Florey and Ernst Chain |
| Are antiviral medicines effective treatments? | *A) Yes |
| What is unique about retroviruses? | *A) They use reverse transcriptase; Convert their genetic info RNA, into DNA |
| What does AIDS stand for? | *A) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
| When did HIV emerge in the population? | *A) 1980s |
| True or false: It is impossible for a virus to cause cancer? | *A) False |
| What year was insulin first injected to a human? | *A) In 1922, insulin was first injected into a child. |
| What drug was invented during WW2 to fight dysentery? | *A) Sulfonamides; Originating from Prontosol, sulfa drugs |
| What organism is penicillin derived from? | Penicillin is derived from penicillium mold, which was mass produced to solve many diseases. |
| 20. What caused most deaths during World War 1? | Wound infections; The flu, pandemic in 1918 caused most of the deaths (along with battle wounds, etc) |
| How was beriberi prevented? | This could be prevented by not consuming polished white rice, as it did not have vitamin B1 |
| 18. How was scurvy in sailors prevented? | In 1747, it was found that scurvy could be prevented using citrus fruits. |
| 17. Describe the first vaccination ever administered to a human. | The very first vaccination was a cowpox vaccination, administered to test whether it made a person sick or immune to smallpox. |
| 16. Why were farmers not affected by smallpox? | They had already caught a cow disease, called cowpox; this made them immune to smallpox (because the diseases were related). The farmers only suffered little side effects of smallpox. |
| 15. What is the ONE central idea in the Germ Theory? | One microorganism causes one disease in everybody. |
| 14. Who proposed the Germ Theory? | Louis Pasteur |
| 13. What industry did Pasteur first work in to eradicate germs? | The beer and wine industry, discovering germs in wine. Used pasteurization, or heating to remove these germs. |
| 12. What infectious diseases did Louis Pasteur's children die of? | Louis Pasteur’s kids died of typhoid fever. |
| 11. What was the difference between the two wards of the Vienna General Hospital and the occurrence of child bed fever? | The midwife ward did not interact with cadavers, while the physicians came directly from working with bodies. This led to the spread of infections from other people and bodies. |
| 10. How did the "x" in "x-ray" come about? | Not like a cathode ray; x for unknown (like algebra) |
| 9. The first anesthetized surgery occurred on October 16... | *A) 1846 |
| What were the first 2 chemicals used for anaesthesia? | Two chemicals: Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and ether (alc and sulfuric acid) |
| In the US, one blood transfusion occurs once every _ seconds? | *A) 3 |
| During which century was it discovered by William Harvey that blood circulated? | *A) 17th Century |
| How many times does your heart beat in a day? | *A) 100,000 |
| Human heart is about the size of a... | *A) fist |
| The first book on human anatomy was published when? | *A) 1538 |
| During which time period was the "science of human anatomy" born? | *A) Renaissance |
| In Ancient Greece, what were treatments based on? | *A) Philosophy |
| Illness and diseases were a punishment Healers: Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies Medicine: Herbs and plants (morphine and digitalis) Treatment: Trepanation Average life span = 20 years | 4000 BC-3000 BC Primitive Times |
| Used papyrus to document knowledge. Healers: Priests & Magicians Medicine: Herbs, beer, & wine Treatment: techniques of splinting fractures, closing wounds, embalming Superstitious & called on gods of healing Average life span = 20-30 years | 3000BC-300BC Ancient Egyptians |
| According to most sources, Rx is derived from the Latin word “recipe,” meaning “take.” However, is the belief that the Rx symbol evolved from the Eye of Horus, an ancient Egyptian symbol associated with healing powers. | Prescription |
| Avoided medical practice Concentrated on health rules concerning food, cleanliness, and quarantine Moses: pre-Hippocratic medical practice banned quackery (God was the only physician) enforced Day of Rest | Jewish Medicine |
| Believed in the need to cure the spirit and nourishing the body. One theory was the balance of Yin and Yang. Healers: Herbal Doctors Treatment: acupuncture Began to search for medical reasons for illness. Average life span =20-30 years | 1700 BC-AD 220 Ancient Chinese |
| Study the cause of disease Medicine: diet and exercise as ways to prevent disease. Included the use of amulets and charms. Treatment: Massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment. Surgery was a last resort. Average life span = 25-35 years | 1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks |
| Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”no dissection, only observations took careful notes of signs/symptoms of diseases disease was not caused by supernatural forceswrote standards of ethics which is the basis for today’s medical ethics | Greek Medicine |
| Organize medical care for injured soldiers. First public health and sanitation systems. Healers:jno formal qualifications needed (Many were freed Greek slaves). Medicine: diet and exercise as ways to prevent disease. Used amulets and charms. | 753 BC- AD 410 Ancient Romans |
| Treatment: Surgery was a last resort, but they did perform the removal of cataracts, draining of fluids, etc. Wounds were stitched following surgery using flax. Dressings were of linen bandages. Galen belief that the body was regulated by four humors | 753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans |
| Saving the soul Study of medicine was prohibited. Healers: Priests provide custodial care for sick people.Medicine: herbal mixtures and faith Treatment: Divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease. Average life span = 20-30 years | AD 400- AD 800 Dark Ages |
| Bubonic Plague 1348: 3 years 200 million or 1/3 of the population in Europe and Asia. Conditions: crowded cities, no sanitation, traveling merchantsBrought to Europe from merchants traveling to ChinaThe start of the disease: | AD 800- AD 1400 Middle Ages |
| Tingling sensation Hard boils Chills/fever Bloody vomiting Necrosis-smell “black death”Death could occur quickly | Bubonic/Black plague symptoms |
| Bird looking mask Long coats Gloves Beak was stuffed Eye had crystal Cane | Plague Doctor |
| London lockdown- 50% died New Law for Ships-Quarantine 40 Days Created labor shortage, hiking up prices Some people were walled off Childrens rhyme,”Ring around the rosey, pockets full of posies, a-tishoo a-tishoo we all fall down | England Black Plague |
| 1900 Yr of the Rat, ship landed in the busy harbor with stowaways.Chinese immigrants living conditionsPlague spread and Chinese received hateDr. Kinyoun reported the plagueQuarantine ChinatownGov. Henry Cage - cover up with Washington inspectors | San Francisco Black Plague |
| Terrible epidemics Bubonic plague (Black Death)Smallpox Diphtheria Syphilis Measles Typhoid fever Tuberculosis | Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) and Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.) |
| Healers: Dissection of body led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology. Medical Advancements Invention of printing press First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564).Universities and schools for research 30-40 yrs | AD 1350 – AD 1650 Renaissance |
| Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections.Healers: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) Medical Advancements Average life span = 35-45 years | 16th and 17th Centuries |
| Rene Laennec.Gabriel Fahrenheit.Benjamin Franklin-invented bifocals Edward Jenner-vaccine for smallpox John Hunter (1728-1793), established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding.Average life span = 40-50 years | 18th Century |
| Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations. .Clara Barton Louis Pasteu James Blundell Robert Koch Average life span = 40-60 years | 19th Century |
| Florence Nightingale Founder of modern nursing Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays William Mortan discovered anesthesia nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform Joseph Lister- first doctor to use antiseptics during surgery | 19th Century discoveries |
| ABO blood groups discovered. Penicillin New medications were developed Insulin treat diabetes. Antibiotics developed Vaccines were developed. New machines developed Kidney Dialysis Machine Heart Lung Machine Surgical & diagnostic equipment | 20th Century |
| New techniques developed Organ Transplants and Implanted first heart Test tube babies Insurance.Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena.Hospice organizedAverage life span = 80-90 years | 20th Century (continued) |
| new health hazards obesity neuroses lung cancer hypertension disintegrating families greatly increasing medical costs | 1945-1975 |
| The Netherlands became the first country in the world to legalize euthanasia in 2002. The Human Genome Project genes in the human.Stem cells were used in the treatments of disease early in the 2000’s and treatment of cancer and other diseases. | 21st century |
| Cures for AIDS, cancer, and heart disease Genomic Medicine: Genetic manipulation to prevent or treat diseases.Regenerative Medicine: Average life span = 80-100 years | Potential for 21st Century |
| Integrative- combination of western medicine with complementary/alternative medicine; combining evidence-based complementary therapies with treatments(Western). Prevention, whereas complementary medicine alone focused on managing the symptoms. | Other Approaches to Healthcare |
Created by:
vasundhara.varadarajan