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Biology Flashcards 1
Screencast notes as of september 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What powers the water cycle? | The Sun |
| What is evaporation? | Liquid water turning into water vapor (gas) |
| What is transpiration? | Movement of water from roots to leaves to air through plants |
| What is evapotranspiration? | The combined movement of water into the atmosphere via evaporation and transpiration |
| What forms of precipitation are there? | Rain, sleet, hail, snow |
| Why does precipitation fall from clouds? | Droplets get too heavy and fall |
| What is an example of an abiotic water reservoir? | The ocean |
| What is an example of a biotic water reservoir? | A tree |
| What happens when there's more evaporation than precipitation in an area? | Water flows back to the ocean (runoff) |
| Where does groundwater come from? | Precipitation soaking into the soil below the water table |
| What two nutrient cycles are combined in the "Nutrient Cycling" diagram? | The water cycle and carbon cycle |
| What is the atmospheric CO2 level referenced in the notes? | About 419 ppm (parts per million) |
| What is cellular respiration? | Converting sugar into CO2, releasing energy (exothermic) |
| What is photosynthesis? | Converting CO2 and sunlight into sugar (endothermic) |
| Is photosynthesis exothermic or endothermic? | Endothermic |
| Is cellular respiration exothermic or endothermic? | Exothermic |
| What are examples of producers in the carbon cycle diagram? | Plants, algae (protists), cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria) |
| What happens to carbon when a primary consumer eats a producer? | The carbon/sugar passes into the primary consumer |
| What breaks down detritus/waste in the carbon cycle? | Soil microbes |
| Over millions of years with high heat and pressure, what do dead organisms/detritus become? | Fossil fuels |
| What happens when fossil fuels or wood are burned? | CO2 is released back into the atmosphere |
| What does the Point Quarter Method measure? | The importance/density of tree species in a forest ecosystem |
| What is succession? | Change in a forest over time |
| What is symbiosis? | Close ecological relationships between organisms |
| What is a transect in this lab? | A 100m tape measure line used for sampling |
| How many sample points are chosen along the transect, and how? | 5 points, chosen with a random number generator (0–100) |
| What materials are needed for the Point Quarter Method lab? | Sample point numbers (0–100), 50m tape measure, dichotomous key, clipboard with data sheet |
| What are the four quadrants at each sample point called? | I, II, III, IV |
| What two measurements are taken for the closest tree in each quadrant? | Distance from tree to sample point, and Circumference at Chest Height (CCH) |
| What does CCH stand for? | Circumference at Chest Height |
| What resource is used to identify tree species in this lab? | "Tree Finder," a manual for identifying trees by their leaves |
| What altitude comparison does the study design use? | Comparing tree communities at low altitude vs. high altitude |
| Formula for Basal Area of a tree | Basal Area |
| How do you find Average Basal Area for a species? | Average the basal area of all trees of that species |
| What does Average Basal Area estimate? | Absolute cover of a species |
| Formula for Relative Cover of a species | (Absolute cover of species / absolute cover of all species) × 100 |
| Formula for Absolute Frequency of a species | (# of sample points with species present) / (total # of sample points) |
| Formula for Relative Frequency of a species | (Absolute frequency of species / absolute frequency of all species) × 100 |
| Formula for Absolute Density of all trees | # of trees / 1 hectare (10,000 m²) |
| Formula for Mean Distance Between Trees | Sum of all distances / total number of quadrants |
| Formula for Absolute Density of all trees using average distance | (1 tree / (average distance)²) × (10,000 m² / 1 hectare) |
| Formula for Absolute Density of one species | Absolute density of all trees × frequency of that species |
| Formula for Relative Density of a species | (Absolute density of species / absolute density of all species) × 100 |
| Formula for Importance Value | Relative Density + Relative Cover + Relative Frequency |
| What is the numeric range of Importance Value? | 0–300 |
| What does Relative Density tell you ecologically? | How close together one species is compared to others |
| What does Relative Cover tell you ecologically? | The canopy cover / size of a species' trees |
| What does Relative Frequency tell you ecologically? | The distribution pattern (uniform or clumped) of a species |
| What does a "clumped" spatial distribution look like? | Individuals grouped closely together in patches |
| What does a "uniformly spaced" distribution look like? | Individuals evenly spread across the area |
| What does the root of a cladogram represent? | The origin of all life / earliest point on the tree |
| What does the tip of a branch on a cladogram represent? | A modern-day species (most recent point is today) |
| What is a speciation event? | When one species divides into two |
| What does "last shared common ancestor" mean? | The point where two lineages diverged from a common ancestor |
| If species A and B are equally related to species E, why? | Because A and B share a common ancestor at the same point on the tree |
| What does a cladogram show? | Genetic relationships between species over time |
| What does a branch that stops partway up a cladogram indicate? | Extinction |
| What was the endosymbiotic event? | An ancient bacteria engulfed another bacteria; instead of digesting it, they formed a mutualistic relationship, and the engulfed bacteria became mitochondria |
| What did the endosymbiotic event allow for? | The evolution of eukaryotic cells |
| What is a prokaryotic cell? | A cell with no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles |
| What is a eukaryotic cell? | A cell with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| What organisms make up Domain Bacteria? | Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms |
| What organisms make up Domain Archaea? | Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms (distinct lineage from Bacteria) |
| What organisms make up Domain Eukarya? | Plants, animals, fungi, and protists (eukaryotic cells) |
| Are plants single-celled or multicellular? | Multicellular |
| Are protists typically single-celled or multicellular? | Single-celled |
| What is the formula for pH? | pH |
| What is the pH of pure water? | 7 (neutral), because [H+] |
| What pH range is acidic? | Less than 7 |
| What pH range is basic? | Greater than 7 |
| What does each whole-number step on the pH scale represent? | A 10x change in [H+] concentration |
| Moving 1 step up the pH scale changes [H+] by how much? | 10x increase |
| Moving 2 steps up the pH scale changes [H+] by how much? | 100x increase |
| What happens when you add HCl to water? | It dissociates into H+ and Cl-, increasing [H+] in solution |
| What happens to pH when [H+] increases? | pH decreases |
| What happens to pH when [H+] decreases? | pH increases |
| What happens when you add NaOH to water? | It dissociates into Na+ and OH-; the OH- binds to free H+ in solution |
| If [H+] | 10⁻⁵, what is the pH, and is it acidic or basic? |
| If [H+] | 10⁻⁹, what is the pH, and is it acidic or basic? |
| What is homeostasis? | Maintaining a consistent internal environment |
| What does a high biotic index indicate? | Poor water quality (low species richness and abundance) |
| What is produced when water molecules react with each other (dissociate)? | Hydronium ion (H3O+) and hydroxide ion (OH-) |
| Is the dissociation of water reversible? | Yes |
| What does "H+" conventionally represent in chemistry, since it doesn't really exist alone? | H3O+ (hydronium ion) |
| What is the concentration of H+ in pure water? | 10⁻⁷ moles per liter (10⁻⁷ M) |
| How are chemistry concentrations typically measured? | In moles per liter (Molarity, M) |
| What does the bracket notation [ ] mean in chemistry? | Concentration |
| What is ecology? | The study of the interaction of living and non-living things in ecosystems |
| What is the abiotic system? | The non-living parts of an ecosystem |
| What is the biotic system? | The living parts of an ecosystem |
| What is an autotroph? | An organism that converts abiotic energy (like sunlight) into chemical energy |
| What is a heterotroph? | An organism that must eat other living things for energy |
| Give an example of a producer. | Plants |
| Give an example of a consumer. | Animals |
| Give an example of a decomposer. | Fungi |
| What do decomposers do? | Break down nutrients from dead organisms/waste and return them to the abiotic system |
| Does energy flow through or cycle in an ecosystem? | Energy flows through and is eventually released as heat; needs a constant supply |
| Do nutrients flow through or cycle in an ecosystem? | Nutrients cycle through the ecosystem (recycled) |
| What is the 10% Trophic Rule? | Only about 10% of chemical energy is passed to the next trophic level; 90% is lost as heat |
| In a 10,000 J example, how much energy reaches primary consumers? | 1,000 J |
| In a 10,000 J example, how much energy reaches secondary consumers? | 100 J |
| In a 10,000 J example, how much energy reaches tertiary consumers? | 10 J |
| What is Trophic Level 1? | Primary Producers |
| What is Trophic Level 2? | Primary Consumers |
| What is Trophic Level 3? | Secondary Consumers |
| What is Trophic Level 4? | Tertiary Consumers |
| What is Primary Productivity? | The total amount of sugar produced during photosynthesis |
| What does Primary Productivity set for an ecosystem? | The energy budget for the ecosystem |
| What is biomass? | The amount of chemical energy stored in living organisms |
| How do plants create biomass? | By converting CO2 into glucose through photosynthesis |
| What energy conversion happens in photosynthesis? | Visible light energy is converted into chemical energy |
| Why is most energy lost moving up trophic levels? | About 90% is lost as heat at each level |
| What does "benthic" mean? | Bottom-dwelling |
| What does "macro" mean in macroinvertebrate? | Large enough to be seen without a microscope |
| What does "invertebrate" mean? | An organism without a backbone |
| Why are benthic macroinvertebrates important as a food source? | They're an important food source for consumers higher on the food chain |
| Why are benthic macroinvertebrates good bioindicators of water quality? | Different species have different pollution tolerances, and they're stationary, so they're exposed to maximum pollutant concentration |
| Why are benthic macroinvertebrates practical to study? | They're easy, inexpensive, fast, and fun to sample |
| What does species richness measure? | How many different species are present |
| What does species abundance measure? | How many total individuals (of all species) are present |
| What does high species richness (many different species present) indicate about water quality? | Excellent water quality / low pollution levels |
| What does low species richness with only pollution-tolerant species indicate? | Toxic chemical pollution |
| What does dominance by one tolerant species with very high abundance indicate? | Eutrophication |
| What is eutrophication? | Excessive nutrient enrichment in water that lets tolerant species outcompete others, lowering water quality |
| What materials are needed for the benthic macroinvertebrate lab? | Timer, jar, kicknet, and 100 mL of 95% ethanol |
| What roles are assigned in the benthic macroinvertebrate lab group? | Timer, kicknet holder, and specimen collector |
| What does the kicknet holder do? | Holds the kicknet in the water |
| What does the specimen collector do? | Picks up rocks, scrapes contents into the net, and collects specimens |
| How long is the timer set for collecting specimens? | 5 minutes |
| What is the ethanol in the jar used for? | Preserving the collected specimens |
| What is the final step of the lab protocol? | Walk back to school |
| How many main sample groups of benthic macroinvertebrates are used in ID? | 5 |
| What is the function of gills in aquatic macroinvertebrates? | Gas exchange — O2 in, CO2 out |
| How many legs do mayflies have? | 6 legs |
| How many tails (cerci) does a mayfly have? | 3 tails |
| How many plates does a mayfly have? | 2 plates |
| Where are mayfly gills located? | On the abdomen |
| What is a mayfly's pollution tolerance? | Moderate pollution tolerance |
| How many legs do stoneflies have? | 6 legs |
| How many tails (cerci) does a stonefly have? | 2 tails |
| How many plates does a stonefly have? | 3 plates |
| How many claws does a stonefly have? | 2 claws |
| Where might stonefly gills be visible? | Sometimes on the thorax |
| What is a stonefly's pollution tolerance? | Sensitive to pollution |
| How can you tell if a stonefly's tails broke off? | Look at the base of the abdomen to see if tails were once there |
| What do caddisflies build for protection? | Cases from rocks or plant matter, and nets for safety |
| What is a "netspinner" caddisfly known for? | Building nets and having abdominal gills |
| How many legs do caddisfly larvae have? | 6 legs |
| What structures help caddisfly larvae anchor themselves? | Prolegs with hook |
| What is a caddisfly's pollution tolerance? | Moderately sensitive to pollution |
| What is a water penny? | The larva of a beetle |
| What respiratory structures does a water penny have? | Gills |
| What structures on a water penny's legs help it feed? | Scrapers |
| What is a water penny's pollution sensitivity? | Sensitive to pollution |
| What other benthic macroinvertebrate groups exist besides mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, and water pennies? | Worms, snails, clams/mussels, water mites, crayfish, water beetles, dragonfly and damselfly larvae |
Created by:
Rainbow Fungus