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Interm Acct. 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Change in Accounting Estimate | Handled prospectively; affects current and future periods only. |
| Examples of Accounting Estimates | Useful life, salvage value, bad debt %, warranty estimates. |
| Change in Accounting Principle | Handled retrospectively; restate prior periods. |
| Examples of Accounting Principles | FIFO to Weighted Average, Percentage of Completion to Completed Contract. |
| Correction of Error | Prior‑period adjustment; fix beginning retained earnings and restate prior statements. |
| Prior‑Period Adjustment | Adjustment to beginning retained earnings due to an error. |
| Retained Earnings Formula | Beginning RE + Net Income – Dividends = Ending RE. |
| Gross Profit | Revenue – Cost of Goods Sold. |
| Income from Continuing Operations | Operating income + other revenues/expenses – interest – taxes. |
| Net Income | Income from continuing operations ± discontinued operations. |
| Basic EPS Formula | (Net Income – Preferred Dividends) ÷ Weighted Average Shares. |
| Single‑Step Income Statement | Groups all revenues together and all expenses together; one subtraction. |
| Multi‑Step Income Statement | Shows gross profit; separates operating vs non‑operating sections. |
| Income Statement Accounts | Revenues, expenses, gains, losses, net income. |
| Statement of Retained Earnings Accounts | Beginning RE, net income, dividends, ending RE. |
| Balance Sheet Accounts | Assets, liabilities, equity. |
| Statement of Cash Flows Sections | Operating, investing, financing. |
| Operating Cash Flows | Net income, depreciation, changes in current assets/liabilities, interest paid, taxes paid. |
| Investing Cash Flows | Buying/selling equipment, investments, lending money. |
| Financing Cash Flows | Issuing stock, borrowing money, paying dividends, repaying principal. |
| Reconciling NI to Operating Cash Flow | Add depreciation; subtract gains; add losses; adjust for changes in current assets/liabilities. |
| Current Assets | Cash, A/R, inventory, prepaids. |
| Long‑Term Assets | PPE, intangibles, long‑term investments. |
| Current Liabilities | A/P, salaries payable, unearned revenue, short‑term notes. |
| Long‑Term Liabilities | Bonds payable, long‑term notes, lease liabilities. |
| Comprehensive Income | Net income + other comprehensive income. |
| Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) | Unrealized gains/losses on AFS securities, foreign currency adjustments, pension adjustments, hedge adjustments. |
| Intangible Assets | Patents, trademarks, copyrights, franchises, goodwill. |
| Purchased Intangibles | Capitalized and amortized if finite life. |
| Internally Developed Intangibles | Usually expensed |
| Financial Statement Relationship: Net Income | Flows into retained earnings. |
| Financial Statement Relationship: Ending RE | Appears in equity on the balance sheet. |
| Financial Statement Relationship: Ending Cash | Must match cash on the balance sheet. |
| Financial Statement Relationship: Cash Flow Statement | Explains change in cash between periods. |
| Accounting Equation | Assets = Liabilities + Equity. |
| Cash Flow Equation | Operating + Investing + Financing = Net Change in Cash. |